ABSTRACT
A text grammar model by R.Harweg which is based on syntagmatic substitution as the basic method of forming a text.
Reference
Harweg, R. 1968. Pronomina und Textkonstitution. Munich.
In language contact theory, ‘substratum’ refers to the native language of an indigenous people influenced by the language of a dominant people as well as to its influence upon the dominating language. Examples of a linguistic substratum include the remnants of Celtic in the Romance languages or the influence of Scandinavian on English. The opposite effect is called a superstratum, while the mutual influence of two equally prestigious languages is known as an adstratum.
