ABSTRACT
Verbal tense formed in English with had+past participle. In some uses the past perfect indicates the end point of an event in the past (Caroline had finally achieved her goal). In complex sentences the past perfect is used as a relative tense which marks anteriority of an event relative to another event that was completed in the past: When we got to the station, the train had already departed. ( also sequence of tenses)
References
tense
Semantic role ( thematic relation) of elements which are affected by the action of the verb, in contrast to the agent, which is the performer of the action. In nominative languages such as English, the patient is usually marked as the direct object. ( also case grammar)
case grammar
1 In French, term for a non-written regional dialect that is restricted to the most narrow social occasions.
