ABSTRACT
The five cities discussed in this chapter can be located on the map in Figure 8.1 overleaf, while Table 8.1, on p.265, is a guide to the spelling and pronunciation of their names. The modern (1970s) Pinyin convention for spelling Chinese words is used for names throughout this chapter, with two exceptions. One is that, following practice common in newspapers and some books, the Yangzi (Yangtse) and Yellow Rivers are referred to here by these names, which are more familiar to Westerners, rather than by the Pinyin forms. The other exception is that where quotations, names or book titles are drawn from sources which use older spelling conventions (usually the Wade–Giles convention), the original spelling is retained here to ensure that the quotations are still recognizable. Location of the five main cities discussed in this chapter, on a map showing the distribution of population in China in about 1820. Each dot represents 50,000 people, and the darkest shaded areas have population densities above 200 people per square kilometre. The two chief rivers shown are the Yangzi, crossing central China, and the Yellow River (Pinyin form: Huanghe) in the north, with different outlets to the sea indicating changes of course in 1324 and again in the nineteenth century https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780203984376/4f208d80-5c23-4999-9a8d-99bed47a9492/content/fig8_1_B.jpg" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> Key B: Beijing; C: Chang'an; H: Hangzhou; K: Kaifeng; W: Hankou (Wuhan) (adapted from Population Census Office of China, 1987; by kind permission of Professor Liu Yue of the Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China) Names of cities
|
Chinese name of city |
Modern (Pinyin) spelling |
Traditional (Wade–Giles) spelling |
Approximate guide to pronunciation |
Meaning of name or other notes |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
1 |
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Beijing |
Peking (or Peiping) |
bay-jing |
‘northern capital’ |
|
2 |
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Chang’an now rebuilt as the modern city of: |
Ch’ang-an |
chang-ann (or jang-ann) |
‘eternal peace’ |
|
https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780203984376/4f208d80-5c23-4999-9a8d-99bed47a9492/content/ufig8_3_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
Xi’an |
Sian |
she-ann |
‘western peace’ |
|
|
3 |
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Hangzhou |
Hangchow |
hang-joe |
the ending ‘zhou’ means ‘city’ |
|
4 |
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Hankou now often referred to by the name of the conurbation: |
Hankow |
han-coe (han-cow is a common Anglicization) |
‘mouth of Han (River)’ |
|
https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780203984376/4f208d80-5c23-4999-9a8d-99bed47a9492/content/ufig8_6_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
Wuhan |
Wuhan |
oo-han |
contraction of names of three cities: Wuchang, Hankou, Hanyang |
|
|
5 |
https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780203984376/4f208d80-5c23-4999-9a8d-99bed47a9492/content/ufig8_7_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> |
Kaifeng |
K’aifeng |
kie-fung |
no specific meaning |
