ABSTRACT
A consciousness of the varieties of citizenship is one starting point for comparative studies. The tradition of comparative studies on citizenship is not very extensive. Most empirical studies have focused on relatively specific issues. In wide historical analyses, the approach has been mostly illustrative and of an ideal-type character (e.g. Weber 1950; Durkheim 1992). The realities of citizenship have been considered through broad examples and plausible generalizations. The immense coverage of issues in empirical terms is an explanation for the prevailing style of analysis. There are, however, conceptual elaborations which offer intellectual direction towards comparative frameworks. These include the work of T.H.Marshall (1964), Derek Heater (1990) and Bryan S.Turner (1990).
