Urbanism in bronze age Egypt and northeast Africa

The time span covered by this review of urbanism in Egypt and northeast Africa is coeval with the Egyptian Bronze Age (c. 3100–650 Bc), a technically inexact but useful term (copper was dominant to c. 2000 Bc, bronze relatively common thereafter) (Helck 1974, pp. 870–1; Grundlach 1979, pp. 881–2). Not all the non-Egyptian cultures discussed here were metal-producing ¹ but all used metal to significant degrees. Prehistoric developments (before 3100 Bc) are not covered, because the data are insufficient.