ABSTRACT
The belief in innate inequalities in cognitive ability has long been with us and scholars have long urged recognition of its consequences for social policy and the survival of the state. As indicated in Chapter 1, Plato, in Ancient Greece, warned citizens that only children of ‘Gold’ can become true Guardians. Shortly after, Cicero was warning the Romans:
Since the most powerful influence in the choice of a career is exerted by Nature, and the next most powerful by Fortune, we must of course take account of them both in deciding upon our calling in life; but of the two Nature claims the more attention.
