ABSTRACT
We are now ready to enlarge on our picture of universalism, of Rome’s reaction to the problem of how to treat non-Romans. The need of a better perspective on the question of reconciling the realities of empire and the ideals of humanitas had prompted the conceptualisation of humanitas Romana in the second century. We have also looked at Cicero’s position, but mainly from the point of view of his presentation of universalism within the confines of domestic politics. It is now time to look at what was actually happening to non-Romans in the external sphere, and at what the Romans were doing about it.
