PLATES

Plate 1 Obv. Nero, laureate; Rev. Roma in military dress, with Victory and parazonium (Aes, Lugdunum, c. 65). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 2 Obv. Galba, laureate; SER. SVLPI. GALBA IMP. CAESAR AVG. TR.P. Rev. Galba, bare-headed in military dress on platform and backed by officer, haranguing troops with shield, standard, and spear; ADLOCVTIO S.C.: ‘Address to the troops’. (Aes, Rome, c. December 68). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 3 Obv. Otho, bare-headed; M.OTHO CAESAR AVG. TR.P. Rev. Securitas standing, holding wreath and sceptre; SECVRITAS P(opuli) R(omani) (Gold, Rome, midJanuary-mid-April 69). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 4 Obv. Vitellius, laureate; A.VITELLIVS GERM. IMP. AVG. TR.P. Rev. L. Vitellius in toga, seated on curule chair, r. hand extended, 1. holding eagle-tipped sceptre; L.VITELLIVS COS. III CENSOR (Gold, Rome, late April-20 December 69). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 5 Head of Vespasian. By permission of the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen

Plate 6 Portrait of Titus. By permission of the Vatican Museum

Plate 7 Portrait of Domitian. By permission of the Vatican Museum

Plate 8 Obv. Nero laureate; Neron Seb. Caisar: ‘Nero Augustus Caesar’. Rev. Within wreath ‘Epi Ouespasianou Caisare. L ID ‘: ‘In Vespasian’s term of office; Year 14. Coin of the people of Caesarea’ (Aes, Caesarea Maritima, 68). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

Plate 9 Obv. Vespasian laureate. Rev. Jewish woman seated at foot of palm tree, mourning; behind palm, Vespasian standing, holding spear and parazonium; IVDAEA CAPTA S.C. (Aes, Rome, etc., 71). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 10 Obv. Vespasian radiate. Rev. Victory standing on prow, holding wreath and palm; VICTORIA NAVALIS S.C. (Aes, Rome, 71). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 11 Obv. Vespasian laureate. Cais. Flavi. Ouespasianus. Rev. Titus laureate; AUTO. TIT L A: ‘Imperator Titus. Year 1’. (Aes, Alexandria, before 29 August, 69, with anomalous titulature). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

Plate 12 Bronze text of the ‘Lex de imperio Vespasiani’ (Rome). By permission of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Rome

Plate 14 Obv. Titus laureate; Autocra. Titus Caisar Sebas. Hyius: ‘Imperator Titus Caesar, son of Augustus’. Rev. Palm tree between trophy, shield, and spears; Epi Maiciou Roufou Anthypatou: In the Proconsulship of (M.) Maecius Rufus’. (Aes, minted by the Provincial Council of Bithynia, 71/2). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

Plate 15 Coin of Sardes restruck on coin of Apollonos Hieron; traces of previous types. Obv. Bust of Athena or Roma, with aegis; Epi T…: ‘In the magistracy of T…’; from previous type: Apollo standing; Ere iton: ‘Coin of the people of Apollonos Hieron’. Rev. Temple front of four columns; in field To B: ‘For the second time’; Epi Marcellou Sardianon: ‘In the Proconsulship of (T.Clodius Eprius) Marcellus. Coin of the people of Sardes’; from previous type: Nero; Neron Cais. (Aes, Sardes, Lydia, 70/1-72/3; the Marcellus is Vespasian’s friend). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

Plate 16 Obv. Vespasian laureate. Rev. Vespasian extending hand to raise kneeling Roma; behind, Minerva; ROMA RESVRGE(N)S S.C.: ‘Rome rising again’. (Aes, Rome, 70). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 17 Obv. Vespasian laureate. Rev. Hexastyle temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, with statues on ground-work and in pediment; S.C. (Aes, Rome, 77-8). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 18 Obv. Titus laureate; T. CAES. VESPASIAN. IMP. PON. TR. POT. COS II. Rev. Pax standing, holding branch and cornucopia; PAX AVGVSTI S.C. (Aes, Rome, 1 January-30 June, 72). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 19 Obv. Vespasian laureate. Rev. Triumphal procession; Vespasian in quadriga, trumpeter, captive, etc. TRIVMP. AVG. (Gold, Lugdunum, ?70-1). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 20 Obv. Tyche or city goddess wearing calathus, holding ears of barley and cornucopia; Et. DI Ba(sileos) Agrippa: ‘Year 14 of King Agrippa’. Rev. Vespasian laureate; Autocra(tori) Ouespasi(ano) Caisari S(e)basto: ‘(Dedicated) to Imp. Vespasian Caesar Augustus’. (Aes, 74/5). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

Plate 21 Obv. Vespasian laureate. Rev. Victory standing, crowning Vespasian who sacrifices at an altar in front of an arch bearing statues of ?Genius Populi Romani and ?Genius Senates; VICTORIA AVG. S.C. (Aes, Rome, etc., 71). By permission of the Administrators of the Staatliche Museen zu BerlinPreussischer Kulturbesitz Münzkabinett

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Plate 22 Obv. Vespasian laureate, ‘Ouespesianos [sic] Caisar’. Rev. Head of Senate, hair rolled and bound with diadem; E.Aegaianou Thean Syncleton Lebedi.: ‘During the magistracy of Aegaianus, (the people honour) the Divine Senate; coin of Lebedus’. (Aes, Lebedus, Ionia). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

Plate 24 Obv. Domitian laureate; CAESAR AVG. F. DOMITIANVS. COS. V. Rev. Annona seated holding bundle of corn-ears in both hands; ANNONA AVGVST. S.C.: ‘The Augustan grain supply’. (Aes, Rome, 77-8). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 25 With [Imperator Caesar Vespasian Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, holder of Tribunician Power for the fourth year, hailed Imperator for the tenth time, four times Consul and designated for the fifth, Censor designate, Father of his Country, and Titus], son of Imperator Vespasian Augustus, holder of Tribunician Power, hailed Imperator for the fourth time, twice Consul and designated for the third time, Censor designate, and with Aulus Marius Celsus as Propraetorian Legate of Augustus and Sextus Caelius Tuscus as Legate of Augustus, the Sixth Legion Victrix (erected this monument) (April30 June, 73; commemorative inscription by Legio VI Victrix from XantenVynen, Lower Rhine, on the site of the battle of 69; VI Victrix remained on the Rhine until the reign of Hadrian). Photo by L.Lilienthal, published by permission of the Kommission Rheinland

Plate 26 Obv. Vespasian laureate wearing aegis. Rev. Titus and Domitian galloping r.; T. ET DOMITIAN. CAESARES PRIN. I WEN. S.C.; Titus and Domitian Caesars Leaders of the Youth’. (Aes, Lugdunum, 69-70). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

Plate 28 Obv. Domitian, laureate; CAES. AVG. F. DOMIT. COS. III. Rev. Spes (Hope) advancing, holding flower; PRINCEPS IVVENTVT. (Silver, Rome, 74-5). The Ashmolean Museum, by permission of the Visitors

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Plate 27 Obv. Titus laureate as ‘Autocrator’: ‘Imperator’; and Domitian bareheaded as ‘Caesar’, confronted. Rev. River god Hermus, himation over lower limbs, holding in r. two ears of corn and in 1. cornucopia, and leaning on vase from which stream flows; Epi Hypaticou (Ti. Catiou…Siliou) Italicou; Strat. Agronos: ‘Under the Proconsul Italicus, during the magistracy of Agron’. (Aes, Smyrna, 77/8; the Proconsul is the poet Silius). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

Plate 29 Interior of the Colosseum

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Plate 30 Obv. Titus seated, holding branch; around him weapons. Rev. Colosseum, with Meta Sudans r. and portion of a building 1. (Aes, Rome, 80-1). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

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Plate 31 Obv. IMP. T. CAES. DIVI VESP. F. AVG P.M. TR. P.P.P. COS. VIII round S.C.: ‘Imperator Titus Caesar, son of the Deified Vespasian, Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, holder of the Tribunician Power, Father of his Country, eight times Consul, By Decree of the Senate’. Rev. Ceremonial carriage drawn by two mules; DOMITILLAE IMP. CAES. VESP. AVG. S.P.Q.R.: ‘Dedication of the Senate and Roman People to Domitilla wife of Imperator Caesar Vespasian Augustus’. (Aes, Rome, 80-1). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

Plate 32 Obv. Titus laureate; IMP. TITVS CAES. VESPASIAN. AVG. P.M. Rev. Vespasian seated, radiate, holding Victory and sceptre; DIVVS VESPASIAN. (Gold, Rome, 79-80). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

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Plate 33 Obv. Domitian laureate, wearing aegis; IMP. CAES. DOMIT. AVG. GER. COS XVII. CENS. PER. P.P.. P.M. TR.P. XVI. Rev. Temple or chapel showing two columns, in which figure is seated on throne; in front, Victory on each side. (Gold, Rome, 95-6; Jupiter Feretrius or the Flavian Gens have been canvassed as dedicatees, but the authenticity of the coin is in question). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees

Plate 34 Obv. IMP. CAES. DOMIT. AVG. GERM. COS. XV. CENS. PER. P.P. round S.C.: ‘Imperator Caesar Domitian Augustus Germanicus, fifteen times Consul, Censor for an unlimited period, Father of his Country. By Decree of the Senate’. Rev. Ceremonial carriage drawn by two mules; DIVAE IVLIAE AVG. DIVI TITI F.S.P.Q.R.: ‘Dedication by the Senate and Roman People to Julia Augusta, daughter of the Deified Titus’. (Aes, Rome, 90-1). The British Museum, by permission of the Trustees