ABSTRACT
Three decades have passed since the independence movement of African countries first took root. The economic ills of the 1960s still persist: a large number of fragmented mini-states, lack of an industrial base, strong trade links with developed market economies characterized by African exports of primary commodities and imports of industrial manufactures. These problems have not abated; on the contrary new ones have been added: the debt service problem, agricultural food shortages, and the worsening of Africa’s terms of trade over a long period.
