ABSTRACT
In 399 BC the Athenian Xenophon, with remnants of the Ten Thousand Greeks who had marched with Cyrus the Younger to the battle of Cunaxa and were now almost at the end of their long journey home, crossed into Asia Minor from Thrace.1 They came to Pergamon, a stronghold overlooking the River Caicus and occupied by a local Mysian dynast, Gongylos, whom they helped in a not very successful freebooting raid against his neighbours. Quite clearly, there was no Greek city here, and Pergamon remained as nothing more than a fortified hilltop for more than a century.
