ABSTRACT
Two main difficulties have been encountered. First, the field is extremely broad: there are simply a very large number of quite different ways in which defence and the city are related. Second, the relationship between defence and the city is inextricably related to many other links between activities and places. They are, therefore, not only particularly difficult to isolate but may, in practice, only be understandable in a much wider explanatory context that strays far beyond both the defence activity and the urban scale.
