ABSTRACT
World economic and political events, donor-nation actions, and national policies affect local areas both directly, and indirectly by inducing spatial variations in individual or entrepreneurial actions. Indirect effects have taken precedence in earlier chapters which examined population movements in Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Venezuela and labor market experiences in Venezuela, This culminated in documenting a chain from national policy, through place characteristics associated with development, which act as a mediating agent, to individual and entrepreneurial behavior.
