ABSTRACT
Self-esteem has been an integral concept in social psychological research since the writings of William James in 1890. Explicit self-esteem has been conceptualized as a conscious, reasoned self-evaluation of global self-worth and has been assessed traditionally using direct, self-report procedures (see Coopersmith, 1967; Rosenberg, 1965; Taladori & Swann, 2001). Research relying on direct measures of self-esteem has been fruitful, and a large body of knowledge has accumulated regarding the nature, function, and consequences of explicit self-esteem (see Baumeister, 1998; Brown, 1998; Leary & Baumeister, 2000; Sedikides & Stroebe, 1997). These measures have several important strengths that contribute to their frequent use, including their ease of administration and their excellent psychometric properties (Rosenberg, 1979).
