ABSTRACT
Cognitive learning approaches to intervention are two-stage models. Stimuli provide information. They may exist in the external world or they may come from within the person. Information forms the input function of a cybernetic model such as that modified from MacDonald (1965) (see Figure 8.1). The information or input is processed by the person. References to information-processing components are identified with titles of constructs such as interpreting, remembering, evaluating, learning, and deciding. As constructs, these only can be verified through a network of converging operations that have an empirical base. The output resulting from the information processing function is behavior or action toward a goal. Dynamics of Decision Making. Adapted from Educational Psychology by F. MacDonald. Copyright © 1965 by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California. Reprinted with permission. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9780203768273/003f7898-0428-47a8-842d-a04bc4c71c6c/content/fig8_1_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
