ABSTRACT
When Kant answered the question “What is the human being?,” biologists still took seriously that species were eternal creations and every human being might literally and physically have “pre-existed” in Eve's womb. Kant despaired of finding a “Newton … of a blade of grass” (5: 400) and emphasized that scientists “do not know cranial nerves and fibers, nor do [they] know how to put them to use” (7: 119). Empirical psychology was largely based on introspection and was not distinguished from philosophy.
