ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the interaction of local, national, and global processes in language revitalization in the USA and Canada. The chapter is organized around four themes: (1) language revitalization as an expression of linguistic and educational sovereignty; (2) the building of collaborative networks of language professionals and activists; (3) the relationship between bottom-up and top-down language planning and policy initiatives; and (4) the power of individual revitalizers in revitalization efforts. Together, these processes have opened new “ideological and implementational spaces” (Hornberger, 2006) at the individual, local, regional/tribal, national, and international levels and are examples of “globalization from the bottom up” (Hornberger & McCarty, 2012). The development of a variety of responses to language endangerment illustrates the ways in which Indigenous communities are challenging the homogenizing forces of globalization to ensure that future generations are endowed with language rights and self-determination.
