ABSTRACT
The Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography explores the vast international scope of twentieth-century photography and explains that history with a wide-ranging, interdisciplinary manner. This unique approach covers the aesthetic history of photography as an evolving art and documentary form, while also recognizing it as a developing technology and cultural force. This Encyclopedia presents the important developments, movements, photographers, photographic institutions, and theoretical aspects of the field along with information about equipment, techniques, and practical applications of photography. To bring this history alive for the reader, the set is illustrated in black and white throughout, and each volume contains a color plate section. A useful glossary of terms is also included.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
letter |92 pages
A
entry |6 pages
Berenice Abbott
entry |4 pages
Abstraction
entry |6 pages
Ansel Adams
entry |2 pages
Eddie Adams
entry |5 pages
Robert Adams
entry |3 pages
Aerial Photography
entry |4 pages
Photography in Africa: An Overview
entry |4 pages
Photography in Africa: Central and West
entry |3 pages
Photography in Africa: East and Indian Ocean Islands
entry |3 pages
Photography in Africa: North
entry |4 pages
Photography in Africa: South and Southern
entry |2 pages
Afterimage: The Journal of Media Arts and Cultural Criticism
entry |4 pages
Agitprop
entry |3 pages
Max Alpert
entry |3 pages
An American Place
entry |4 pages
Appropriation
entry |3 pages
Nobuyoshi Araki
entry |6 pages
Diane Arbus
entry |8 pages
Architectural Photography
entry |5 pages
Archives
entry |4 pages
Eve Arnold
entry |3 pages
Art Institute of Chicago
entry |4 pages
Artists' Books
entry |3 pages
Astrophotography
entry |5 pages
Eugène Atget
entry |5 pages
Ellen Auerbach
entry |6 pages
Photography in Australia
entry |2 pages
Australian Centre for Photography
letter |101 pages
B
entry |3 pages
Roger Ballen
entry |5 pages
Lewis Baltz
entry |3 pages
Alfred H. Barr, Jr
entry |3 pages
Roland Barthes
entry |3 pages
Bauhaus
entry |3 pages
Herbert Bayer
entry |3 pages
Cecil Beaton
entry |5 pages
Bernd and Hilla Becher
entry |4 pages
Hans Bellmer
entry |3 pages
John Berger
entry |3 pages
Berlinische Galerie
entry |3 pages
Ruth Bernhard
entry |4 pages
Joseph Beuys
entry |3 pages
Bibliothèque Nationale de France
entry |4 pages
Richard Billingham
entry |4 pages
Werner Bischof
entry |3 pages
Black Star
entry |4 pages
Karl Blossfeldt
entry |3 pages
Erwin Blumenfeld
entry |4 pages
Body Art
entry |4 pages
Christian Boltanski
entry |4 pages
Robert Bourdeau
entry |4 pages
Margaret Bourke-White
entry |3 pages
Bracketing
entry |3 pages
Anton Giulio Bragaglia
entry |3 pages
Bill Brandt
entry |5 pages
Brassaï
entry |4 pages
Manuel Alvarez Bravo
entry |3 pages
Josef Breitenbach
entry |3 pages
Brownie
entry |3 pages
Francis Joseph Bruguière
entry |4 pages
Victor Burgin
entry |2 pages
Burning-In
entry |4 pages
René Burri
entry |3 pages
Larry Burrows
entry |6 pages
Nancy Burson
letter |158 pages
C
entry |2 pages
Cable Release
entry |5 pages
Geneviève Cadieux
entry |4 pages
Claude Cahun
entry |3 pages
Harry Callahan
entry |4 pages
Sophie Calle
entry |4 pages
Camera: 35 MM
entry |4 pages
Camera: An Overview
entry |2 pages
Camera: Diana
entry |3 pages
Camera: Digital
entry |3 pages
Camera: Disposable
entry |3 pages
Camera: Instant Or Polaroid
entry |2 pages
Camera Obscura
entry |2 pages
Camera: Pinhole
entry |3 pages
Camera: Point and Shoot
entry |9 pages
Photography in Canada
entry |5 pages
Robert Capa
entry |3 pages
Paul Caponigro
entry |3 pages
Manuel Carrillo
entry |4 pages
Henri Cartier-Bresson
entry |3 pages
Censorship
entry |3 pages
Center for Creative Photography
entry |6 pages
Photography in Central America
entry |2 pages
Centre Nationale de la Photographie
entry |4 pages
Martín Chambi
entry |5 pages
Chargesheimer
entry |12 pages
Photography in China and Taiwan
entry |5 pages
William Christenberry
entry |3 pages
Larry Clark
entry |3 pages
Chuck Close
entry |4 pages
Alvin Langdon Coburn
entry |4 pages
Lynne Cohen
entry |3 pages
van Deren Coke
entry |3 pages
Color Temperature
entry |3 pages
Color Theory: Natural and Synthetic
entry |2 pages
Composition
entry |4 pages
Conceptual Photography
entry |3 pages
Condé Nast
entry |6 pages
Linda Connor
entry |5 pages
Conservation
entry |5 pages
Constructed Reality
entry |3 pages
Contact Printing
entry |3 pages
Contrast
entry |5 pages
John Coplans
entry |5 pages
Corbis/Bettmann
entry |4 pages
Corporate Collections
entry |3 pages
Creative Camera
entry |4 pages
Gregory Crewdson
entry |3 pages
Crime Photography
entry |2 pages
Cropping
entry |5 pages
Imogen Cunningham
letter |72 pages
D
entry |3 pages
Dada
entry |4 pages
Louise Dahl-Wolfe
entry |4 pages
Darkroom
entry |3 pages
Judy Dater
entry |3 pages
Bruce Davidson
entry |3 pages
Baron Adolph De Meyer
entry |2 pages
John Deakin
entry |4 pages
Roy Decarava
entry |2 pages
The Decisive Moment
entry |6 pages
Deconstruction
entry |3 pages
Jack Delano
entry |2 pages
Depth of Field
entry |6 pages
Developing Processes
entry |3 pages
Philip-Lorca Dicorcia
entry |6 pages
Digital Photography
entry |3 pages
Rineke Dijkstra
entry |3 pages
Discursive Spaces
entry |9 pages
Documentary Photography
entry |2 pages
Dodging
entry |4 pages
Robert Doisneau
entry |3 pages
Ken Domon
entry |4 pages
František Drtikol
entry |4 pages
David Douglas Duncan
entry |2 pages
Dye Transfer
letter |48 pages
E
entry |3 pages
Eastman Kodak Company
entry |4 pages
Harold Edgerton
entry |6 pages
William Eggleston
entry |4 pages
Alfred Eisenstaedt
entry |3 pages
Ed van der Elsken
entry |2 pages
Emulsion
entry |3 pages
Enlarger
entry |4 pages
Hugo Erfurth
entry |4 pages
Erotic Photography
entry |4 pages
Elliott Erwitt
entry |4 pages
Ethics and Photography
entry |3 pages
Photography in Europe: An Overview
entry |3 pages
Frederick H. Evans
entry |4 pages
Walker Evans
entry |3 pages
Valie Export
entry |3 pages
Exposure
letter |114 pages
F
entry |6 pages
Family Photography
entry |3 pages
Rotimi Fani-Kayode
entry |4 pages
Farm Security Administration
entry |7 pages
Fashion Photography
entry |4 pages
Bernard Faucon
entry |3 pages
Louis Faurer
entry |4 pages
Andreas Feininger
entry |4 pages
T. Lux Feininger
entry |4 pages
Hans-Peter Feldmann
entry |5 pages
Feminist Photography
entry |4 pages
Festivals
entry |6 pages
Film
entry |2 pages
Film: High-Contrast
entry |2 pages
Film: Infrared
entry |3 pages
Filters
entry |5 pages
Fine Arts Presses
entry |2 pages
Hans Finsler
entry |4 pages
Arno Fischer
entry |4 pages
Peter Fischli and David Weiss
entry |3 pages
Robert Joseph Flaherty
entry |3 pages
Vilém Flusser
entry |6 pages
Formalism
entry |4 pages
Samuel Fosso
entry |7 pages
Photography in France
entry |5 pages
Martine Franck
entry |4 pages
Robert Frank
entry |4 pages
Gisèle Freund
entry |2 pages
Friends of Photography
entry |3 pages
Masahisa Fukase
entry |2 pages
Miran Fukuda
entry |5 pages
Jaromír Funke
entry |3 pages
Seiichi Furuya
entry |5 pages
Adam Fuss
entry |3 pages
Futurism
letter |62 pages
G
entry |4 pages
Galleries
entry |3 pages
André Gelpke
entry |8 pages
Photography in Germany and Austria
entry |4 pages
Jochen Gerz
entry |4 pages
Mario Giacomelli
entry |3 pages
Ralph Gibson
entry |4 pages
N. Tim Gidal
entry |5 pages
Gilbert & George
entry |3 pages
Laura Gilpin
entry |3 pages
Hervé Gloaguen
entry |3 pages
Frank Gohlke
entry |4 pages
Nan Goldin
entry |4 pages
Emmet Gowin
entry |4 pages
Dan Graham
entry |5 pages
Paul Graham
entry |4 pages
Sid Grossman
entry |6 pages
Group F/64
entry |3 pages
Andreas Gursky
entry |4 pages
John Gutmann
letter |124 pages
H
entry |5 pages
Ernst Haas
entry |3 pages
Betty Hahn
entry |5 pages
Heinz Hajek-Halke
entry |4 pages
Philippe Halsman
entry |4 pages
Hiroshi Hamaya
entry |4 pages
Hans Hammarskiöld
entry |2 pages
Hand Coloring and Hand Toning
entry |5 pages
Erich Hartmann
entry |4 pages
John Heartfield
entry |3 pages
David Martin Heath
entry |4 pages
Robert Heinecken
entry |4 pages
Nancy Hellebrand
entry |4 pages
Nigel Henderson
entry |4 pages
Florence Henri
entry |3 pages
François Hers
entry |3 pages
John Hilliard
entry |5 pages
Lewis Hine
entry |3 pages
Hiro
entry |11 pages
History of Photography: Nineteenth-Century Foundations
entry |10 pages
History of Photography: Twentieth-Century Developments
entry |9 pages
History of Photography: Twentieth-Century Pioneers
entry |7 pages
History of Photography: Interwar Years
entry |8 pages
History of Photography: Postwar Era
entry |9 pages
History of Photography: The 1980S
entry |4 pages
Hannah Höch
entry |5 pages
Horst P. Horst
entry |4 pages
Eikoh Hosoe
entry |4 pages
George Hoyningen-Huene
entry |3 pages
George Hurrell
entry |3 pages
Axel Hütte
letter |42 pages
I
entry |3 pages
Image Construction: Perspective
entry |3 pages
Image Theory: Ideology
entry |4 pages
Impressionism
entry |7 pages
Industrial Photography
entry |3 pages
Infrared Photography
entry |4 pages
Instant Photography
entry |7 pages
Institute of Design
entry |4 pages
The Internet and Photography
entry |4 pages
Interpretation
entry |3 pages
Yasuhiro Ishimoto
entry |3 pages
Graciela Iturbide
entry |4 pages
Izis (Israel Bidermanas)
letter |26 pages
J
entry |4 pages
J. Paul Getty Museum
entry |4 pages
Lotte Jacobi
entry |4 pages
Sunil Janah
entry |8 pages
Photography in Japan
entry |3 pages
Harold Jones
entry |5 pages
Pirkle Jones
entry |4 pages
Kenneth Josephson
letter |59 pages
K
entry |3 pages
Yousuf Karsh
entry |4 pages
Gertrude Käsebier
entry |4 pages
Kikuji Kawada
entry |3 pages
Peter Keetman
entry |3 pages
Seydou Keïta
entry |5 pages
André Kertész
entry |3 pages
Willy Kessels
entry |4 pages
Edmund Kesting
entry |3 pages
Yevgeny Khaldei
entry |4 pages
Chris Killip
entry |4 pages
Aart Klein
entry |4 pages
Astrid Klein
entry |4 pages
William Klein
entry |5 pages
Mark Klett
entry |3 pages
Photography in Korea
entry |4 pages
Josef Koudelka
entry |3 pages
Max Kozloff
entry |2 pages
Rosalind Krauss
entry |4 pages
Barbara Kruger
entry |4 pages
Germaine Krull
letter |85 pages
L
entry |5 pages
Dorothea Lange
entry |5 pages
Jacques Henri Lartigue
entry |5 pages
Photography in Latin America: An Overview
entry |3 pages
Clarence John Laughlin
entry |3 pages
Robert Lebeck
entry |3 pages
Russell Lee
entry |3 pages
Annie Leibovitz
entry |2 pages
Jean-Claude Lemagny
entry |2 pages
Lens
entry |5 pages
Helmar Lerski
entry |5 pages
David Levinthal
entry |3 pages
Claude Lévi-Strauss
entry |3 pages
Helen Levitt
entry |3 pages
Julien Levy
entry |3 pages
Alexander Liberman
entry |6 pages
Library of Congress
entry |4 pages
Jerome Liebling
entry |4 pages
Life Magazine
entry |2 pages
Light Meters
entry |2 pages
Lighting and Lighting Equipment
entry |3 pages
O. Winston Link
entry |3 pages
Linked Ring
entry |4 pages
Herbert List
entry |5 pages
Richard Long
entry |3 pages
Look
entry |4 pages
Urs Lüthi
entry |4 pages
George Platt Lynes
entry |3 pages
Danny Lyon
entry |4 pages
Nathan Lyons
letter |153 pages
M
entry |4 pages
Dora Maar
entry |4 pages
Madame D'Ora
entry |6 pages
Magnum Photos
entry |2 pages
Maison Européenne de la Photographie
entry |4 pages
Man Ray
entry |2 pages
Felix H. Man
entry |2 pages
Manipulation
entry |5 pages
Robert Mapplethorpe
entry |4 pages
Mary Ellen Mark
entry |3 pages
Masking
entry |3 pages
Angus McBean
entry |4 pages
Ralph Eugene Meatyard
entry |3 pages
Susan Meiselas
entry |4 pages
Annette Messager
entry |4 pages
Ray K. Metzker
entry |8 pages
Photography in Mexico
entry |4 pages
Joel Meyerowitz
entry |4 pages
Duane Michals
entry |4 pages
Boris Mikhailov
entry |3 pages
Lee Miller
entry |4 pages
Richard Misrach
entry |3 pages
Lisette Model
entry |2 pages
Modern Photography
entry |4 pages
Moderna Museet
entry |3 pages
Modernism
entry |4 pages
Tina Modotti
entry |6 pages
László Moholy-Nagy
entry |5 pages
Montage
entry |3 pages
Inge Morath
entry |5 pages
Yasumasa Morimura
entry |4 pages
Wright Morris
entry |4 pages
Stefan Moses
entry |4 pages
Ugo Mulas
entry |3 pages
Multiple Exposures and Printing
entry |4 pages
Vik Muniz
entry |3 pages
Martin Munkacsi
entry |3 pages
Museum Folkwang
entry |8 pages
The Museum of Modern Art of New York
entry |3 pages
Museums
entry |7 pages
Museums: Canada
entry |14 pages
Museums: Europe
entry |9 pages
Museums: United States
letter |38 pages
N
entry |4 pages
Hans Namuth
entry |5 pages
National Geographic
entry |3 pages
Photography in the Netherlands
entry |4 pages
Beaumont Newhall
entry |4 pages
Arnold Newman
entry |3 pages
Helmut Newton
entry |6 pages
Nicholas Nixon
entry |5 pages
Non-Silver Processes
entry |5 pages
Lorie Novak
entry |6 pages
Nude Photography
letter |14 pages
O
entry |4 pages
Office of War Information
entry |3 pages
Lennart Olson
entry |4 pages
Optics
entry |4 pages
Paul Outerbridge Jr
entry |3 pages
Bill Owens
letter |124 pages
P
entry |3 pages
Panoramic Photography
entry |4 pages
Martin Parr
entry |5 pages
Irving Penn
entry |4 pages
Gilles Peress
entry |6 pages
Periodicals: Historical
entry |4 pages
Periodicals: Professional
entry |4 pages
Perspective
entry |3 pages
Walter Peterhans
entry |5 pages
John Pfahl
entry |3 pages
Photo Agencies
entry |3 pages
Photo League
entry |5 pages
Photo-Secession
entry |5 pages
Photo-Secessionists
entry |7 pages
Photogram
entry |7 pages
Photographic Theory
entry |5 pages
Photographic "Truth"
entry |5 pages
Photography and Painting
entry |4 pages
Photography and Sculpture
entry |5 pages
Pictorialism
entry |3 pages
Picture Post
entry |4 pages
Pierre Et Gilles
entry |3 pages
Pin-Up Photography
entry |4 pages
Bernard Plossu
entry |3 pages
David Plowden
entry |4 pages
Polaroid Corporation
entry |2 pages
Popular Photography
entry |6 pages
Eliot Porter
entry |5 pages
Portraiture
entry |3 pages
Posterization
entry |3 pages
Postmodernism
entry |4 pages
Richard Prince
entry |6 pages
Print Processes
entry |3 pages
Private Collections
entry |3 pages
Professional Organizations
entry |4 pages
Propaganda
entry |4 pages
Public Art Photography
letter |59 pages
R
entry |4 pages
Arnulf Rainer
entry |3 pages
Robert Rauschenberg
entry |2 pages
Tony Ray-Jones
entry |6 pages
Albert Renger-Patzsch
entry |2 pages
Representation
entry |4 pages
Representation and Gender
entry |4 pages
Representation and Race
entry |4 pages
Marc Riboud
entry |3 pages
Leland Rice
entry |4 pages
Leni Riefenstahl
entry |4 pages
Jacob Riis
entry |4 pages
Herb Ritts
entry |4 pages
Franz Roh
entry |1 pages
Group Exhibitions
entry |4 pages
Martha Rosler
entry |5 pages
Arthur Rothstein
entry |2 pages
The Royal Photographic Society
entry |2 pages
Eva Rubinstein
entry |4 pages
Thomas Ruff
entry |8 pages
Photography in Russia and Eastern Europe
letter |152 pages
S
entry |2 pages
Safelight
entry |3 pages
Sebastião Salgado
entry |3 pages
Erich Salomon
entry |5 pages
August Sander
entry |2 pages
Sandwiched Negatives
entry |3 pages
Scanning
entry |4 pages
Jürgen Schadeberg
entry |4 pages
Michael Schmidt
entry |4 pages
Toni Schneiders
entry |4 pages
Allan Sekula
entry |3 pages
Semiotics
entry |4 pages
Andres Serrano
entry |4 pages
David “Chim” Seymour
entry |3 pages
Ben Shahn
entry |3 pages
Arkadii Shaikhet
entry |4 pages
Charles Sheeler
entry |4 pages
Cindy Sherman
entry |3 pages
Toshio Shibata
entry |4 pages
Stephen Shore
entry |4 pages
Lorna Simpson
entry |4 pages
Raghubir Singh
entry |5 pages
Aaron Siskind
entry |3 pages
Sandy Skoglund
entry |5 pages
Michael Snow
entry |3 pages
Snowdon (Anthony Armstrong-Jones)
entry |5 pages
Social Representation
entry |7 pages
Socialist Photography
entry |2 pages
Solarization
entry |2 pages
Abigail Solomon-Godeau
entry |4 pages
Frederick Sommer
entry |2 pages
Susan Sontag
entry |6 pages
Photography in South America
entry |5 pages
Photography in Spain and Portugal
entry |3 pages
Jo Spence
entry |3 pages
Doug and Mike Starn
entry |3 pages
Stedelijk Museum
entry |5 pages
Edward Steichen
entry |3 pages
André Steiner
entry |3 pages
Louis Stettner
entry |4 pages
Alfred Stieglitz
entry |4 pages
Sasha Stone
entry |4 pages
Paul Strand
entry |6 pages
Street Photography
entry |4 pages
Thomas Struth
entry |4 pages
Roy Stryker
entry |4 pages
Josef Sudek
entry |3 pages
Hiroshi Sugimoto
entry |4 pages
Surrealism
entry |2 pages
Steve Szabo
entry |3 pages
John Szarkowski
entry |3 pages
Gabor Szilasi
letter |37 pages
T
entry |3 pages
Maurice Tabard
entry |3 pages
Karel Teige
entry |4 pages
Edmund Teske
entry |5 pages
George Tice
entry |3 pages
Wolfgang Tillmans
entry |2 pages
Time Exposure
entry |3 pages
Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography
entry |2 pages
Toning
entry |3 pages
Patrick Tosani
entry |4 pages
Oliviero Toscani
entry |3 pages
Charles Traub
entry |4 pages
Tseng Kwong Chi
entry |3 pages
Deborah Turbeville
entry |4 pages
Typology
letter |37 pages
U
entry |4 pages
Raoul Ubac
entry |5 pages
Jerry Uelsmann
entry |4 pages
Doris Ulmann
entry |5 pages
Umbo (Otto Umbehr)
entry |4 pages
Underwater Photography
entry |8 pages
Photography in the United States: The Midwest
entry |10 pages
Photography in the United States: The South
entry |4 pages
Burt Uzzle
letter |25 pages
V
entry |3 pages
Carl van Vechten
entry |3 pages
James Vanderzee
entry |7 pages
Vernacular Photography
entry |2 pages
Victoria and Albert Museum
entry |2 pages
Paul Virilio
entry |4 pages
Virtual Reality
entry |4 pages
Roman Vishniac
entry |4 pages
Visual Anthropology
letter |81 pages
W
entry |6 pages
Jeff Wall
entry |9 pages
War Photography
entry |3 pages
Yoshio Watanabe
entry |4 pages
Boyd Webb
entry |3 pages
Bruce Weber
entry |3 pages
Wolfgang Weber
entry |4 pages
Wedding Photography
entry |3 pages
Weegee
entry |3 pages
Capsule Biography
entry |5 pages
Carrie Mae Weems
entry |6 pages
William Wegman
entry |3 pages
Jack Welpott
entry |5 pages
Edward Weston
entry |4 pages
Clarence White
entry |4 pages
Minor White
entry |2 pages
Wiener Aktionismus
entry |3 pages
Deborah Willis-Kennedy
entry |5 pages
Garry Winogrand
entry |2 pages
Selected Works
entry |3 pages
Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz (Witkacy)
entry |5 pages
Joel-Peter Witkin
entry |3 pages
Stefan Wojnecki
entry |3 pages
Francesca Woodman
entry |3 pages
Worker Photography
entry |3 pages
Works Progress Administration
letter |3 pages
X
entry |3 pages
Xerography
letter |3 pages
Z
entry |2 pages
Zero-61 Group
entry |2 pages
Piet Zwart
