ABSTRACT
Traditionally the aim of designers has been to design organisations, processes or prod-
ucts that perform according to a given specification. Organisations, such as businesses,
are expected to work in accordance with statutes, rules and regulations, and every
employee is given a detailed job specification. Computer programs are designed to
follow precise instructions written by programmers without any deviation. Dynamic sys-
tems, such as turbo-machinery, are expected to be stable, which means when disturbed
to return to equilibrium.
