ABSTRACT
Drawing upon the Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeir (2002) metaanalysis of 83 individualism-collectivism studies, Shulruf, Hattie, and Dixon (2007) conceptualized individualism as involving the distinction of self from others, emphasis on self-reliance, pursuing personal goals, and self-reliance over those of society, liking for a style of communication that is direct, and especially the valuing of personal independence. They conceived of collectivism as including “a sense of belonging and duty to ingroups, interdependence with group members, maintenance of one’s social status, seeking harmony and avoiding conflicts, and a preference for an indirect communication style” (p. 386).
