ABSTRACT
As part of its jurisdiction, the ECJ can hear cases brought before it by individuals, Community institutions or governments of Member States. These actions must be brought under specific Articles of the Treaty and are heard solely by the Court, hence the term direct actions as compared with indirect actions or preliminary references made under Art 234. These are covered in the next chapter. This area of Community law lends itself to both problem and essay questions, as the ‘popular’ areas are suitable for both question formats.
