ABSTRACT
Aside fromconfessions, convictions based onother forms of evidence obtainedby allegedly illegal or unfair means are regularly challenged in the appellate courts. Such evidence may take a variety of forms, but commonly falls into threemain areas: cases dealingwith failure to abide by the protocols laid down by PACE and the Codes of Practice; cases involving covert surveillance; and cases involving tricks or so-called ‘entrapment’ evidence.
