ABSTRACT
Although there has always been some confusion over the details of the true origins of “thrice-born” Dionysos, many have assumed that both he and his cult originated somewhere in the Levant and subsequently spread from east to west throughout the Mediterranean World (Graves 1988: 103-11; Stanislawski 1970, 1975; Hyams 1965; Otto 1965). This concept was vividly depicted by the potter Exekias about the middle of the 6th century B.C. on the interior of a drinking cup (Fig. 15.1) depicting the god reclining in a ship whose mast has sprouted vines and clusters of grapes, while around the ship cavort a school of dolphins (Richter 1974:337, fig. 451). This scene recalls an event recorded in the Homeric Hymn to Dionysos (Athanassakis 1976:56-58, 97-98; cf. also Henrichs 1987:109-11). While on his way to either Egypt or Cyprus (line 28), Dionysos is threatened by a gang of Tyrsenian pirates. In reaction:
wonderous deeds unfolded before their eyes first through the swift black ship sweet and fragrant wine formed a gurgling stream and a divine smell arose as all the crew watched in mute wonder. And next on the topmost sail a vine spread about all over, and many grapes were hanging down
in clusters. Then round the mast dark ivy twined, luxuriant with flowers and lovely growing berries.
