ABSTRACT
Enforcement: • application of UN-endorsed sanctions - diplomatic, economic and
military - UN Charter Chapters VI and VII
MILITARY OPERATIONS FOR 'INTERNAL' EFFECT
• at request of or with agreement of host state • at request of previous colonial possessions, e.g. UK interventions
in Muscat and Malaysia and French in Chad and Zaire • non-consensual military intervention, e.g. Soviet Union in Hungary
and United States in Grenada? • humanitarian, e.g. Liberia and Somalia
'the forcible or dictatorial interference of a state in the affairs of another state, calculated to impose certain conduct or consequences on that other state'
(Jennings and Watts 1996: 430)
• International Law Commission : Draft Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States
• UN Charter Article 2(vii) • UN General Assembly: Declaration on the Inadmissibility of
Intervention • Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly
Relations and Co-operation among States • Helsinki Final Act of CSCE • Kantian and Mill perspectives
Critics of each of these deployments often refer to them as invasions, implying that they were mounted against the wishes of the sovereign power within the state. In international law they would, on that basis, be correctly described as ' interventions' . In each of the cases of Soviet deployment some attempt was made to convey the appearance of consent. With Czechoslovakia, for example, the Soviet deployment, aside from being justified by reference to the Brezhnev Doctrine, was also 'supported' by statements from the Czech leader, Alexander Dubcek, who very conveniently appeared to remain in office for a short period afterwards.
