ABSTRACT
A variety of civilians attached themselves to the armies but were not officially entered into the ranks. Most were retainers, employed to perform services. Such were most of the women with the armed forces, although, in rare instances, a few, through deception, were carried as soldiers. Some officers had personal servants (usually male). Licensed sutlers set up shop in camps, and local citizens established markets in and around camp according to regulations. The staff departments, in addition to use of military personnel, had civilian employees as clerks, artisans, and teamsters and also contracted out for such services. Civilians were often hired for special army assignments and then released.
