Assessing ICT: how do we know what pupils have learnt?

We can think of assessment in different ways: giving pupils a level at the end of a unit or while they’re actually working, to let them know how they are getting on and what they might do to get a better outcome. Essentially, we are making judgements, and those judgements need to be based on some idea of what pupils have achieved and there has to be some means of describing it.