ABSTRACT
In this chapter we review a theory that does not fit comfortably into any of the previous chapters. We conclude with a brief discussion of the findings of our review of all nine theories
THE ANTICIPATORY STRUGGLE HYPOTHESIS
According to the anticipatory struggle (AS) hypothesis, stuttering is a type of cognitive disorder in that the child, for reasons to be described below, comes to believe that the act of speaking is difficult and, at the same time, valued (Bloodstein, 1995). According to Bloodstein (1997), stuttering is learned behaviour.
