ABSTRACT
In order to better understand fairness issues and to better connect such issues with decisions in the assessment process that can affect examinees, we have distinguished four stages in assessment: design, development, administration, and use. The previous chapter focused on fairness issues in development and administration, the second and third stages, which are closely connected. This chapter is concerned with design and use, which are also closely connected. Following some comments on the nature of fairness in test design and use, this chapter takes up eight topics that have important fairness implications: (a) choice of construct, (b) gender differences on free-response measures, (c) the multiple-choice format, (d) writing, (e) mathematics, (f) grade prediction, (g) selective admissions, and (h) fair test use in context.
