ABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence.—The adjective logical applies intuitively to reasoning that conforms to good common sense (→REASONING AND RATIONALITY), whereas the noun logic (examined here) refers to a science that has only a tenuous relationship to commonsense reasoning. Technically speaking, a logic is defined by an (artificial) language (→LANGUAGE), a deductive system, and a truth-value calculus (→TRUTH). Logic is an essential tool not only in artificial intelligence (AI), but also in other cognitive sciences (in particular, psychology, linguistics, and philosophy) (→LOGICISM/PSYCHOLOGISM).
