ABSTRACT
Increasing attention has been given to reverse logistics (RL) and closed loop supply chain (CLSC) markets and business models over the last decade. This is due in part to the recognition of increasing value of the products and technology created in the field at the end of general direct supply chains and the impact of green laws, particularly in Europe. The problem and concerns of the ultimate disposal of junk, trash, and waste has always been an issue as a function of urbanization, and the increasing population density of metropolitan areas. With the industrial revolution, the problems were intensified as a result of the appearance of hazardous waste and materials, environmental impact, and the growing need for control and disposition of human and animal wastes to protect the health and safety of the population. These responsibilities were initially the focus of local and regional governments, and later supplemented by independent businesses providing trash removal and recycling services under contract to government organizations, or for a profit, based on the recoverable value of the trash and waste.
