ABSTRACT

ZDVRQHRI WKHPRVWGRPLQDQW LQPL[HG OLTXRUVDQG WKH PRVW FRPPRQ LQ IRDPV (LNHOERRP HWDO IRXQG WKDW

0SDUYLFHOOD

ZDVE\IDUWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWÀODPHQ WRXV RUJDQLVP LQ QXWULHQW UHPRYDO SODQWV LQ D VXUYH\ RI PRUH WKDQ VXFK V\VWHPV LQ 'HQPDUN *HUPDQ\ *UHHFHDQG7KH1HWKHUODQGV3XMROHWDOVXUYH\HG VRPH DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH SODQWV LQ )UDQFH DQG IRXQG WKDWRIDOOSODQWVDQGRIWKHH[WHQGHGDHUDWLRQ SODQWVKDG IRDPLQJSUREOHPVDWRQH WLPHRUDQRWKHU2I WKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHVH[DPLQHGPLFURVFRSLFDOO\ FRQWDLQHG

0 SDUYLFHOOD

DV WKH GRPLQDQW ÀODPHQWRXV RUJDQLVP

3LWWDQG-HQNLQVFRQGXFWHGDQDWLRQZLGHVXUYH\ RI DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH IRDPLQJ LQ WKH 86 2I WKH UHVSRQVHVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKH\H[SHULHQFHGVRPH W\SH RI IRDPLQJ DW RQH WLPH RU DQRWKHU$V SDUW RI WKLV VXUYH\WKHQRFDUGLRIRUPOHYHOVLQIRDPDQGPL[HGOLTXRU VDPSOHV ZHUH GHWHUPLQHG IRU WKH SODQWV LQ WHUPV RI D QXPHULFDO VFDOH UDWLQJ EDVHG RQ WKH VXEMHFWLYH VFRULQJ

FRPSDUHG WR IHZ IRU WKRVH QRW LQGLFDWLQJ IRDPLQJ SUREOHPV

1 DPDUDH

QRZ

* DPDUDH

ZDV GHWHUPLQHG E\ /HFKHYDOLHU DQG /HFKHYDOLHU WR EH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ DFWLQRP\FHWH SUHVHQW LQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH IRDP LQWKH867KLVRUJDQLVPKDVQRWEHHQUHSRUWHGLQHQYL URQPHQWVRWKHUWKDQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH

2. Foaming Problems

a. Activated Sludge

6LJQLÀFDQWTXDQWLWLHVRIDQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPFDQFDXVH VHYHUHRSHUDWLQJSUREOHPV)LJXUH,QDHUDWLRQEDVLQV ZLWK VXEPHUJHG HIÁXHQW VWUXFWXUHV IRDP WHQGV WR DFFX PXODWHLQWKHEDVLQV,WFDQDFFXPXODWHWRVXFKDQH[WHQW WKDWLWRYHUÁRZVWKHEDVLQIUHHERDUGDQGFRYHUVZDONZD\V KDQGUDLOVDQGVXUURXQGLQJDUHDVFUHDWLQJKD]DUGRXVVOLS SHU\FRQGLWLRQVDQGOLPLWLQJDFFHVVWRHTXLSPHQW,QFRY HUHG DHUDWLRQ EDVLQV QRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPV KDYH EHHQ NQRZQ WR DFFXPXODWH WR VXFK D GHJUHH WKDW WKH ZDWHU FRQWHQWRIWKHIRDPWUDSSHGLQWKHEDVLQH[FHHGVWKHDYDLO DEOH KHDG IRU JUDYLW\ ÁRZ RI SHDN ZDVWHZDWHU ÁRZV WKURXJKWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQ

3URFHVVFRQWUROEHFRPHVH[WUHPHO\GLIÀFXOW LIDVLJ QLÀFDQW IUDFWLRQRI WKH VROLGV LQYHQWRU\ LVSUHVHQW LQ WKH IRDP WUDSSHG LQ WKH DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ ,Q RQH SODQW LWZDV HVWLPDWHGWKDWWKHIRDPFRQWDLQHGWRRIWKHWRWDO DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH VXVSHQGHG VROLGV LQYHQWRU\ +DR HWDO HVWLPDWHGWKDWIRUDPGHHSDHUDWLRQEDVLQZLWK DQ0/66FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIPJ/DQGDFPGHHS IRDPFRQWDLQLQJ766VRPHRI WKH WRWDOVOXGJH LQYHQWRU\ZRXOGEHLQWKHIRDP

:KHQ IRDP HVFDSHV IURP DQ DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ LQWR D VHFRQGDU\ FODULÀHU LW PD\ RYHUZKHOP VXUIDFH VFUDSLQJ GHYLFHVDQGHQWHUWKHVHFRQGDU\HIÁXHQWHOHYDWLQJHIÁXHQW 766 DQG%2'

OHYHOV ,Q FROG FOLPDWHV QRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPFDQIUHH]HRQWKHVHFRQGDU\FODULÀHUVXUIDFHVPDN LQJVFXPUHPRYDOGHYLFHV LQRSHUDWLYH6RPHSODQWV URX WLQHO\UHPRYHVHFRQGDU\FODULÀHUVXUIDFHVFUDSHUVSULRUWR ZLQWHU IUHH]LQJ WR SUHYHQW GDPDJH E\ IUR]HQ IRDP ,Q ZDUP FOLPDWHV WKH DFFXPXODWHG IRDP UDSLGO\ EHFRPHV RGRURXV

$VXUYH\RI86SODQWVZLWKDQDHURELFGLJHVWHUIRDP LQJ SUREOHPV E\ YDQ 1LHNHUN HWDO VKRZHG WKDW PDQ\GLJHVWHUIRDPLQJLQFLGHQWVFDQEHDWWULEXWHGWRWKH SUHVHQFHRIQRFDUGLRIRUPV LQ WKHZDVWHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH IHGWRWKHGLJHVWHU,QODERUDWRU\VFDOHDQDHURELFGLJHVWHU H[SHULPHQWVYDQ1LHNHUNHWDODOVRVKRZHGWKDWGLJHVWHUV IHG ZLWK SULPDU\ VOXGJH DORQH GLG QRW SURGXFH VWDEOH IRDPZKHQZDVWHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHFRQWDLQLQJQRFDUGLR IRUPVZDVGLJHVWHGZLWKWKHSULPDU\VOXGJHDVWDEOHIRDP ZDVSURGXFHG

b. Anaerobic Digesters

$QDHURELF GLJHVWHU IRDPLQJ GXH WR QRFDUGLRIRUPV KDV FDXVHG WKH IROORZLQJ RSHUDWLQJ SUREOHPV LQ ZDVWHZDWHU WUHDWPHQWSODQWV

‡ %ORFNDJH RI JDV PL[LQJ GHYLFHV OHDGLQJ WR HVFDSHRIJDVWKURXJKZDWHUVHDOV

‡ ,QYHUVLRQRIGLJHVWHUVROLGVSURÀOHV ‡ *DVELQGLQJRIVOXGJHUHFLUFXODWLRQSXPSVOHDG

LQJWRDQLQDELOLW\WRKHDWWKHGLJHVWHUV ‡ (QWUDSPHQW LQ DQG IRXOLQJ RI JDV FROOHFWLRQ

SLSLQJ

‡ )RDPSHQHWUDWLRQEHWZHHQÁRDWLQJFRYHUVDQG GLJHVWHUZDOOVOHDGLQJWRRYHUÁRZRIIRDPRQWR WKHÁRDWLQJFRYHURURQWRWKHJURXQGVXUURXQG LQJWKHGLJHVWHU)LJXUH

‡ 3UHVVXUL]DWLRQ RI GLJHVWHU GXH WR EORFNHG JDV SLSLQJ DQG SUHVVXUH UHOLHI YDOYHV OHDGLQJ WR VWUXFWXUDOIDLOXUHRIÀ[HGURRI

‡ 7LSSLQJRIÁRDWLQJFRYHUVOHDGLQJWRGDPDJHWR JDVPL[LQJHTXLSPHQW

‡ 'HVWUXFWLRQ RI VOXGJH ODJRRQ FRYHUV DQG JDV FROOHFWLRQHTXLSPHQW)LJXUH

c. Pathogenic Nocardioforms

6RPHRIWKHDFWLQRP\FHWHVLVRODWHGIURPDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH IRDPV DUH RSSRUWXQLVWLF KXPDQ SDWKRJHQV

1 FDYLDH

1EUDVLOLHQVLV

1 DVWHURLGHV

DQG VWUDLQV RI

0\FREDFWH ULXP

/HFKHYDOLHUDQG

1IDUFLQLFD

6WUDWWRQHWDO $OWKRXJK QR LQFLGHQWV RI KXPDQ LQIHFWLRQ ZLWK QRFDUGLRIRUPV IURP ZDVWHZDWHU WUHDWPHQW SODQWV KDYH EHHQUHSRUWHGWKHSRWHQWLDOH[LVWVWKDWDHURVROVJHQHUDWHG E\DHUDWLRQV\VWHPVFDQGLVSHUVHWKHVHRUJDQLVPVWRZKHUH WKH\ FRPH LQ FRQWDFW ZLWK WUHDWPHQW SODQW ZRUNHUV RU LQKDELWDQWV RI DUHDV VXUURXQGLQJ ZDVWHZDWHU WUHDWPHQW SODQWV 7KH VLJQLÀFDQFH RI WKLV SRWHQWLDO VKRXOG QRW EH XQGHUHVWLPDWHGHVSHFLDOO\ZLWKWKHLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHUVRI LPPXQRORJLFDOO\ VXSSUHVVHG LQGLYLGXDOV LQ WKH JHQHUDO SRSXODWLRQ

1. Introduction

)DFWRUVWKDWDIIHFWQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPLQJFDQEHJURXSHG LQWRWKRVHWKDWHQFRXUDJHWKHJURZWKRIQRFDUGLRIRUPVLQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH DQG WKRVH WKDW HQFRXUDJH IRDPLQJ $OWKRXJKLQWHUUHODWHGWKHIRUPHUDUHODUJHO\PLFURELRORJ LFDODQGWKHODWWHUDUHPDLQO\SK\VLFDOFKHPLFDO7KHIRDP FDXVLQJIDFWRUVZLOOEHDGGUHVVHGÀUVW

2. Physical/Chemical Factors

a. Nature of Foam

6RPHIRDPVDUHWZRSKDVHGLVSHUVLRQVRIJDVDLUEXEEOHV LQDOLTXLGZDWHURUVROLG6W\URIRDP)RUDLULQZDWHU IRDPV WKH DLU LV WKH GLVSHUVHG SKDVH DQG ZDWHU LV WKH FRQWLQXRXVSKDVH )LJXUHD)RDPVFROODSVH WKURXJK WKLQQLQJRIWKHZDWHUOD\HUVHSDUDWLQJWKHDLUEXEEOHIURP WKHVXUURXQGLQJDLUWRWKHSRLQWZKHUHWKHSUHVVXUHLQVLGH WKHEXEEOHLVJUHDWHQRXJKWRUXSWXUHWKHOLTXLGÀOPDQG EXUVWWKHEXEEOH/LTXLGÀOPWKLQQLQJWDNHVSODFHE\GUDLQ

DJH JUDYLW\ÁRZDQGHYDSRUDWLRQ)RDPVFDQEH VWDEL OL]HGE\VXUIDFHDFWLYHDJHQWVVXUIDFWDQWV³PROHFXOHV DWWUDFWHG WR WKH DLU²ZDWHU LQWHUIDFH )LJXUH E ,Q D VHQVHWKHVHPROHFXOHVVWUHQJWKHQWKHZDWHUÀOPEHWZHHQ WKH DLU EXEEOHV DQG DOORZ LW WREHFRPH WKLQQHUEHIRUH LW UXSWXUHV)RDPVJHQHUDWHGIURPVROXWLRQVFRQWDLQLQJVXU IDFWDQWV WKHUHIRUH ODVW ORQJHU WKDQ WKRVHSURGXFHG LQ WKH DEVHQFHRIVXUIDFWDQWV

b. Solids-Containing Foams

$QRWKHUZD\WRVWDELOL]HIRDPVLVE\WKHDGGLWLRQRIK\GUR SKRELF SDUWLFOHV SDUWLFOHV WKDW DUH SRRUO\ ZHWWHG E\ ZDWHU 7KLV SURGXFHV D WKUHHSKDVH IRDP FRQVLVWLQJ RI GLVSHUVHGSKDVHVRIDLUDK\GURSKRELFVROLGDQGDFRQ WLQXRXVZDWHUSKDVH7KHK\GURSKRELFVROLGSDUWLFOHVWHQG WRFRQJUHJDWHDW WKHDLU²ZDWHU LQWHUIDFHDJDLQPDNLQJ LW VWURQJHU ,I WKH K\GURSKRELF SDUWLFOHV DUH ODUJH HQRXJK WKH\PD\EULGJHWKHZDWHUÀOPHIIHFWLYHO\FUHDWLQJDGDP WKDWLPSHGHVOLTXLGGUDLQDJHDQGÀOPWKLQQLQJWKDWHYHQ WXDOO\UHVXOWVLQÀOPUXSWXUH)LJXUHF

,W KDV EHHQ SURSRVHG WKDW QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVPV KDYHK\GURSKRELFFHOOZDOOVGXH WR WKHSUHVHQFHRI ORQJ FKDLQP\FROLF DFLGV RQ WKHLU VXUIDFHV 0LQQLNLQ 5HFHQW ZRUN VXJJHVWV WKDW RWKHU IDFWRUV PD\ DOVR EH LPSRUWDQW LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUP FHOOZDOO K\GUR SKRELFLW\ 6WUDWWRQ HWDO ,I QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQ LVPVJURZLQVXIÀFLHQWQXPEHUVLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHWKH\ ZLOO UHQGHU WKH ÁRFV K\GURSKRELF HQRXJK WR DWWDFK WR DLU²ZDWHU LQWHUIDFHV HJ EXEEOHV LQ DQ DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ DQG EH FDUULHG WR WKH EDVLQ VXUIDFH$W WKH VXUIDFH WKH IRDPZLOOGUDLQDQGWKHVFXPRUIRDPZLOOEHFRPHPRUH FRQFHQWUDWHG LQ WHUPVRI66DQGQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVP FRQWHQWWKDQWKHPL[HGOLTXRU66FRQFHQWUDWLRQVDVKLJK DVWRKDYHEHHQREVHUYHGLQFROODSVHGQRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPV

3LWWDQG-HQNLQV LQ WKHLUVXUYH\RI86DFWL YDWHG VOXGJH SODQWV IRXQG WKDW DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ IRDPV DOZD\V KDG KLJKHU QXPHULFDO QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVP

WKDW PL[HG OLTXRU FRQWDLQHG XS WR

QRFDUGLRIRUP PLFURFROR QLHVP/DQGWKDWWKHIRDPJHQHUDWHGIURPLWFRQWDLQHGXS WR

QRFDUGLRIRUPPLFURFRORQLHVP/9HJD5RGULTXH] REVHUYHG WKDW ZKHQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH FRQWDLQLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVPV ZDV DHUDWHG LQ WKH ODERUDWRU\ W\SLFDOO\WRRIWKHQRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQWVRQD ÀODPHQWOHQJWKEDVLVZHUHWUDQVIHUUHGLQWRWKHIRDP

c. Roles of Surfactants

7KHSUHVHQFHRIVXUIDFWDQWVHQKDQFHVWKHDPRXQWRIIRDP SURGXFHGE\DQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHFRQWDLQLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPV DQGLQFUHDVHVIRDPVWDELOLW\)RUVXUIDFWDQWVWRH[HUWWKLV HIIHFW WKH\ PXVW EH SRRUO\ RU VORZO\ ELRGHJUDGDEOH VR WKDW WKH\ SHUVLVW LQ WKH DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ +R DQG -HQNLQV GHPRQVWUDWHG WKLV HIIHFW E\ FRQGXFWLQJ IRDPLQJ H[SHULPHQWVRQPL[WXUHVRIYDULRXVDPRXQWVRIDVORZO\ ELRGHJUDGDEOH QRQLRQLF VXUIDFWDQW ³ DQ DON\O SKHQRO HWKR[\ODWHNQRZQDV,JHSDO&XVLQJDQDFWLYDWHG VOXGJH WKDW FRQWDLQHG QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVPV IURP WKH 9LFWRU9DOOH\&$DFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV\VWHPDQGDQDFWL YDWHGVOXGJHWKDWGLGQRWFRQWDLQQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPV IURP WKH (DVW %D\ 0XQLFLSDO 8WLOLW\ 'LVWULFW DFWLYDWHG VOXGJHV\VWHPLQ2DNODQG&$)LJXUHDQG)LJXUH

7KH9LFWRU9DOOH\VOXGJHUHYHDOHGFRQVLGHUDEOHWUDQV SRUWRI66IURPWKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHGXULQJIRDPLQJDQG WKH IRDPKHLJKW LQFUHDVHG VLJQLÀFDQWO\ DV WKH VXUIDFWDQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQFUHDVHG$ VWDEOH EURZQ 66FRQWDLQLQJ IRDPZDVSURGXFHG,QWKH(DVW%D\DFWLYDWHGVOXGJHWKH 66FRQWHQWGLGQRWGHFUHDVHVLJQLÀFDQWO\GXULQJIRDPLQJ $VPDOODPRXQWRIYHU\XQVWDEOHZKLWH IRDPFRQWDLQLQJ OLWWOH66ZDVSURGXFHG)RDPLQJRIDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHFRQ WDLQLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPVUHGXFHGWKHQRFDUGLRIRUP OHYHOLQWKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHDOPRVWWKUHHIROG

7KHVHREVHUYDWLRQVVXJJHVWWKDWDXVHIXODQDORJ\FDQ EHGUDZQEHWZHHQQRFDUGLRIRUPDQG0SDUYLFHOODIRDP LQJLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHDQGWKHSURFHVVRIPLQHUDOEHQHÀ FLDWLRQE\ÁRWDWLRQ:LOOLV,QPLQHUDOEHQHÀFLDWLRQ

PLQHUDOVRIFRPPHUFLDOYDOXHDUHVHSDUDWHGIURPQRQYD OXDEOHPDWHULDOJDQJXHE\ÁRWDWLRQ$FKHPLFDOFROOHF WRU LV DGGHG WR WKH JURXQGXS PL[WXUH RI PLQHUDO DQG JDQJXHLQZDWHU7KHFROOHFWRUVSHFLÀFDOO\DGVRUEVRQWKH PLQHUDO SDUWLFOHV DQG UHQGHUV WKHP K\GURSKRELF$ VXU IDFWDQW LV DOVR DGGHG WR HQKDQFH IRDP SURGXFWLRQ XSRQ DHUDWLRQ7KHK\GURSKRELFPLQHUDO²FROOHFWRUFRPELQDWLRQ DWWDFKHV WRDLUEXEEOHVDQG LVÁRDWHG WR WKHVXUIDFH7KH VXUIDFWDQWVWDELOL]HVWKHÁRDWVRWKDWLWFDQEHVNLPPHGRII

,Q DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH QRFDUGLRIRUPDQG0SDUYLFHOOD ÀODPHQWV FDQEH UHJDUGHG DV WKH K\GURSKRELF FROOHFWRUV IRUDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHÁRFV7KHDHUDWLRQDLUSURGXFHVDÁRDW RI DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH ÁRFV VWDELOL]HG E\ SRRUO\ GHJUDGHG LQÁXHQW VXUIDFWDQWVRUELRORJLFDOO\SURGXFHG VXUIDFWDQWV ,QWKLVVHQVHLWLVEHWWHUWRYLHZQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPLQJDV DÁRWDWLRQSURFHVVUDWKHUWKDQDIRDPLQJSURFHVV

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

,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWVXUIDFWDQWVSOD\DELRORJLFDOUROHLQ DGGLWLRQ WR D SK\VLFDOFKHPLFDO RQH LQ VWDELOL]LQJ IRDP %HQGW HWDO VKRZHG WKDW D SLORW SODQW DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH V\VWHPRSHUDWHG DW DG0&57DQG WRr& DQGIHGZLWKZDVWHZDWHUFRQWDLQLQJWRPJOLSLGV/ FRQWDLQHGYHU\IHZQRFDUGLRIRUPV:KHQWKHLQÁXHQWOLSLG FRQFHQWUDWLRQZDVLQFUHDVHGWRPJ/E\DGGLQJYHJ HWDEOH RLO DQG PJ/ RI D VXUIDFWDQW ZDV DGGHG WKH

QRFDUGLRIRUPV EHFDPH WKH SUHGRPLQDQWPLFURRUJDQLVPV LQ WKH DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH %HQGW HWDO VXJJHVWHG WKDW WKH VXUIDFWDQWHPXOVLÀHGWKHOLSLGVPDNLQJWKHPPRUHUHDGLO\ DFFHVVLEOHDVVXEVWUDWHVIRUQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPV

d. Anaerobic Digester Foaming

2QHSUHUHTXLVLWHIRU WKHSURGXFWLRQRIIRDPRUDÁRDW LV WKH SUHVHQFH RI D JDV SKDVH 6LQFH DOO DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH V\VWHPVDUHDHUDWHGLQRQHZD\RUDQRWKHULWLVQRWSRVVLEOH WR HOLPLQDWH WKH JDV SKDVH IURP DQ DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ7KLV DSSURDFKKRZHYHULVDYLDEOHPHWKRGIRUUHGXFLQJQRFDU GLRIRUP IRDPLQJ LQ DQDHURELF GLJHVWHUV $OO DQDHURELF GLJHVWHUV SURGXFH JDV IURP GLJHVWLRQ EXW D IDU JUHDWHU YROXPHRIJDVLVSDVVHGWKURXJKWKHGLJHVWLQJVOXGJHE\ JDVPL[LQJGHYLFHVWKDQE\WKHJDVSURGXFHGE\GLJHVWLRQ

YDQ1LHNHUNHWDOVKRZHGWKDWWKHIRDPOHYHO SURGXFHGLQODERUDWRU\DQDHURELFGLJHVWHUVIHGDPL[WXUH RISULPDU\VOXGJHDQGZDVWHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHFRQWDLQLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVPV ZDV D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH GLJHVWHU PL[LQJ PHWKRG 7KH PRVW IRDP ZDV SURGXFHG E\ ÀQH EXEEOHJDVPL[LQJIROORZHGE\FRDUVHEXEEOHJDVPL[LQJ IROORZHGE\PHFKDQLFDOPL[LQJ)LJXUH

7KHVH UHVXOWV VXJJHVW WKDW QRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPLQJ LQ GLJHVWHUVPD\EHPLQLPL]HGWKURXJKWKHXVHRIDPL[LQJ V\VWHP WKDW GRHV QRW LQWURGXFH VPDOO WR PHGLXPVL]H EXEEOHVLQWRWKHGLJHVWHU6HYHUDODQDHURELFGLJHVWHUPL[ LQJ PHWKRGV FDQ DFKLHYH WKLV REMHFWLYH ([WHUQDO SXPS PL[LQJGRHVQRWDGGDQ\JDVEXEEOHV

$QDHURELFGLJHVWHUIRDPLQJGXHWRQRFDUGLRIRUPVFDQ RFFXUSULRUWRDSSHDULQJRQWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQVIURPZKLFK WKH:$6 LV IHG WR WKH GLJHVWHU7KLVPRVW OLNHO\ RFFXUV EHFDXVH WKH 766 FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ WKH GLJHVWHU LV PXFK KLJKHUWKDQLQWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQ7KXVDJLYHQYROXPHRI DQDHURELF GLJHVWHU FRQWHQWV FRQWDLQVPRUH QRFDUGLRIRUP ÀODPHQWVDQGWKHUHIRUHPRUHIRDPSURGXFLQJK\GURSKR ELFVXUIDFHWKDQWKHPL[HGOLTXRU

e. Foam Trapping and Recycling

1RFDUGLRIRUPIRDPSUREOHPVLQFUHDVHHQRUPRXVO\ZKHQ WKHÁRDWHGPDWHULDOLVWUDSSHGRQWKHVXUIDFHVRIWUHDWPHQW XQLWV DQG HVSHFLDOO\ZKHQ WKH WUDSSHG IRDP LV UHPRYHG DQGUHF\FOHGWKURXJKWKHWUHDWPHQWSODQW)RDPWUDSSLQJ RFFXUVZKHQHYHUWKHIUHHZDWHUVXUIDFHLVLQWHUFHSWHGE\ D VWUXFWXUH HJ D ZDOO RU EDIÁH WKDWPDNHV WKHZDWHU OHDYHWKHWUHDWPHQWXQLWE\DVXEVXUIDFHURXWHUDWKHUWKDQ E\DQRYHUÁRZ

&KDHWDOFRPSDUHGWKHQRFDUGLRIRUPSRSXOD WLRQVLQODERUDWRU\DFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV\VWHPVZLWKWKHWZR DHUDWLRQEDVLQDQGVHFRQGDU\FODULÀHUFRQÀJXUDWLRQVLOOXV WUDWHG LQ )LJXUH 7KH WUDSSLQJ FRQÀJXUDWLRQ KDG D VXEVXUIDFHDHUDWLRQEDVLQGUDZRIIDQGDVFXPEDIÁHSUH FHGHGWKHVHFRQGDU\FODULÀHUZHLU7KHQRQWUDSSLQJFRQ ÀJXUDWLRQ KDG DQ RYHUÁRZ DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ RXWOHW DQG QR VHFRQGDU\ FODULÀHU VFXP EDIÁH )LJXUH VKRZV WKDW QRFDUGLRIRUPSRSXODWLRQVLQWKHWUDSSLQJXQLWZHUHXSWR ÀYHWLPHVKLJKHUWKDQWKRVHLQWKHQRQWUDSSLQJXQLW7KLV QRFDUGLRIRUPSRSXODWLRQ LQFUHDVHZDVGXHRQO\ WR IRDP WUDSSLQJVLQFH&KDDQGFRZRUNHUVZDVWHGERWKIRDPDQG PL[HG OLTXRU LQ WKH VDPH SURSRUWLRQV 7KH UHF\FOH RI ZDVWHG IRDP ZRXOG LQFUHDVH QRFDUGLRIRUP OHYHOV HYHQ PRUH

7KHHIIHFWRIIRDPWUDSSLQJFDQEHREVHUYHGLQIXOO VFDOHSODQWVE\FRPSDULQJWKHDPRXQWRIIRDPDFFXPXOD WLRQ RQ DHUDWLRQ EDVLQVZLWK DQGZLWKRXW IRDP WUDSSLQJ IHDWXUHV )LJXUH VKRZV DQ DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ ZLWK WKUHH SDVVHV7KHÀUVWWZRSDVVHVDUHFRQQHFWHGE\VXEVXUIDFH RXWOHWVZKLOH WKH WKLUG SDVV KDV DQ RYHUÁRZZHLU DV DQ RXWOHW)RDPDFFXPXODWHVRQ WKHVXUIDFHRI WKHÀUVW WZR SDVVHVZKLOHWKHWKLUGSDVVUHWDLQVYHU\OLWWOHLIDQ\IRDP

2QHRIWHQKHDUVWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQSRVHGFRQFHUQ LQJ QRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPLQJ:K\ LV QRFDUGLD VR FRPPRQ QRZ LQ WKH 86 ZKHQ LW QHYHU ZDV EHIRUH" 3HUKDSV WKH

DQVZHUOLHVLQWKHIRDPWUDSSLQJDQGUHF\FOHLVVXHGLVFXVVHG DERYH ,QPRGHUQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH SODQWV LW LV FRPPRQ SUDFWLFH WR SODFH VFXP EDIÁHV DKHDG RI WKH ZHLUV LQ VHFRQGDU\ FODULÀHUV$Q\WKLQJ WKDWÁRDWV LQ D VHFRQGDU\ FODULÀHU LQFOXGLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUPULFK DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH SDUWLFXODWHVLVWUDSSHGE\WKHVFXPEDIÁHVUHPRYHGDQG RIWHQUHF\FOHGEDFNWKURXJKWKHWUHDWPHQWSODQW7KLVUHF\ FOLQJRI QRFDUGLRIRUPVSURYLGHV WKHPZLWK D VLJQLÀFDQW FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJH ,Q VHFRQGDU\ FODULÀHUV ZLWKRXW VFXP EDIÁHV DQ\ ÁRDWLQJ PDWHULDO LV ZDVKHG RYHU WKH ZHLUVLQWRWKHHIÁXHQW,QWKLVW\SHRIVHFRQGDU\FODULÀHU ÁRDWDWLRQLVGLVDGYDQWDJHRXVIRUPLFURRUJDQLVPV

3LWW DQG -HQNLQV LQ WKHLU VXUYH\ RI IRDPLQJ SUREOHPV LQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH SODQWV IRXQG WKDWPDQ\ RI WKHIRDPGLVSRVDOPHWKRGVUHF\FOHGWKHPDWHULDOGLUHFWO\ RULQGLUHFWO\EDFNWKURXJKWKHSODQW)LJXUHVKRZVWKDW RI WKHPHWKRGV XVHG UHF\FOH WKH IRDP LH WR WKH KHDGZRUNVJUDYLW\ WKLFNHQHUV:$6ZHWZHOO5$6ZHW ZHOODHURELFGLJHVWHU

$QDGGLWLRQDOHIIHFWRIIRDPWUDSSLQJZDVVXJJHVWHG E\ WKH UHVXOWVRISXUH FXOWXUH FKHPRVWDW H[SHULPHQWVRQ *DPDUDH VWUDLQV LVRODWHG IURP6DQ)UDQFLVFRDQG6DF UDPHQWRDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV%ODFNDOOHWDO7KHWZR

FKHPRVWDWFRQÀJXUDWLRQVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHSURGXFHG VLJQLÀFDQWO\GLIIHUHQW*DPDUDHJURZWKIRUPV:KHQWKH FKHPRVWDWFXOWXUHHIÁXHQWZDVGUDZQRIIE\DQRYHUÁRZ ZHLUWKH*DPDUDHFXOWXUHJUHZODUJHO\DVFOXPSVZLWK GLDPHWHUVRIXSWRPPVXVSHQGHGLQDUHODWLYHO\FOHDU

OLTXLG :KHQ WKH FKHPRVWDW FXOWXUH ZLWKGUDZDO V\VWHP ZDVFKDQJHGWRDVXEVXUIDFHZLWKGUDZDOGHYLFH.RRSPDQ HWDO WKH

* DPDUDH

JUHZ DOPRVW FRPSOHWHO\ LQ WKHIRUPRIGLVSHUVHGÀODPHQWIUDJPHQWV0HUHO\FKDQJ LQJ WKH FRQÀJXUDWLRQ RI HIÁXHQW ZLWKGUDZDO DOORZHG VZLWFKLQJEDFNDQG IRUWKEHWZHHQ WKHVH WZRJUHDWO\GLI IHUHQW FXOWXUH PRUSKRORJLHV 7KHVH REVHUYDWLRQV FDQ EH H[SODLQHG E\ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH K\GURSKRELF

* DPDUDH

ÀODPHQWV WHQG WR ÁRDW:LWK DQ RYHUÁRZ FXOWXUH ZLWK GUDZDOÁRDWLQJÀODPHQWVZLOOEHVHOHFWLYHO\UHPRYHG,I WKHÀODPHQWVDUHDEOHWRDJJUHJDWHDQGIRUPFOXPSVWKDW VHWWOHIDVWHUWKDQWKH\ÁRDWWKHFOXPSVZLOOEHVHOHFWLYHO\ UHWDLQHGLQWKHFKHPRVWDW+HQFHDFOXPSHGFXOWXUHZLOO GHYHORS LQ D FKHPRVWDW ZLWK D VXUIDFH RYHUÁRZ FXOWXUH ZLWKGUDZDO

:KHQ WKH FXOWXUHZLWKGUDZDO LV VXEVXUIDFHÁRDWLQJ ÀODPHQWV ZLOO QRW EH UHPRYHG VHOHFWLYHO\ $ GLVSHUVHG FXOWXUHZLOOEHIRUPHGXQGHUWKHVHFLUFXPVWDQFHVEHFDXVH JURZWKLQDGLVSHUVHGIRUPQRORQJHURIIHUVWKHGLVDGYDQ WDJHRIORVVIURPWKHFXOWXUHE\ÁRDWLQJDQGFRPSDUHGWR JURZWK DV FOXPSV GLVSHUVHG FHOOV KDYH EHWWHU DFFHVV WR WKHVXEVWUDWH

7KHVH GDWD FDQ EH DSSOLHG WR REVHUYDWLRQV PDGH LQ DFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV\VWHPV:KHQIRDPWUDSSLQJRFFXUV LQ DFWLYDWHGVOXGJHIUHHÁRDWLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQWVDUH XVXDOO\VHHQLQWKHEXONOLTXLGRXWVLGHWKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH ÁRFV 6LQFH IUHHÁRDWLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQWV H[SRVH DJUHDWHUDPRXQWRIK\GURSKRELFVXUIDFH WR WKHDTXHRXV SKDVH WKDQ WKHÀODPHQWV LQVLGH WKHÁRFV QRQIRDP WUDS SLQJWKH\ZLOOSURYLGHJUHDWHUHQKDQFHPHQWRIIRDPLQJ 7KHUHIRUHIRDPWUDSSLQJLQFUHDVHVQRFDUGLRIRUPOHYHOVLQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJHDQGSURGXFHV D FXOWXUHZLWKPRUH IUHH ÁRDWLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQWVDQGDJUHDWHUSURSHQVLW\ WRIRDP

5HFHQWZRUNE\1DUD\DQDQKDVVKRZQWKDWWKH DPRXQW RI IRDP SURGXFHG E\ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH FDQ EH GLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIIUHHÁRDWLQJQRFDU GLRIRUPÀODPHQWV EXW GRHV QRW EHDU DQ\ UHODWLRQVKLS WR WKHÁRFDVVRFLDWHGQRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQWOHYHO7KHUHOD WLYHDELOLWLHVRIÁRFERXQGDQGIUHHÁRDWLQJQRFDUGLRIRUP ÀODPHQWVWRSURGXFHIRDPLVPRVWOLNHO\WKHUHDVRQ6KDR HWDOZHUHDEOHWRHOLPLQDWHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHIRDP LQJE\DGGLQJDFDWLRQLFSRO\PHUDW WKH7HUPLQDO ,VODQG SODQWLQ/RV$QJHOHV7KHSRO\PHUPD\DFWWRÁRFFXODWH WKHIUHHÁRDWLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQWVLQWRWKHDFWLYDWHG VOXGJHÁRFV

f. Foaming Tests

&DXWLRQPXVWEHSDLGLQDSSO\LQJWKHUHVXOWVRIODERUDWRU\ IRDPLQJWHVWVWRIXOOVFDOHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV\VWHPV,QD ODERUDWRU\IRDPLQJWHVWWKHPD[LPXPGHSWKRIOLTXLGXVHG LVRQWKHRUGHURIWRIW,QDQDHUDWLRQEDVLQWKHOLTXLG GHSWK LV XVXDOO\ IW RUPRUH ,Q D IRDPLQJ WHVWÁRFV FRQWDLQLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVPV DUH EURXJKW WR WKH OLTXLGVXUIDFH%HFDXVHWKHOHQJWKRIWKHFROXPQRIOLTXLG EHORZDJLYHQDUHDRIOLTXLGVXUIDFHLVPXFKJUHDWHULQD IXOOVFDOHDHUDWLRQEDVLQWKDQLQDODERUDWRU\IRDPLQJWHVW LWWDNHVIHZHUQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPVWRSURGXFHDVWDEOH IRDP LQ D IXOOVFDOH DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ WKDQ LQ D ODERUDWRU\ IRDP WHVW7KHUHIRUH WKH W\SLFDO ODERUDWRU\ IRDP WHVW LV DQLQVHQVLWLYHLQGLFDWRURIIRDPLQJLQSURWRW\SHDHUDWLRQ EDVLQV)LJXUH

7KHSUHYLRXVGLVFXVVLRQVRIQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPIRUPD WLRQDQG WKH LQÁXHQFHVRQ LWRIYDULRXVSK\VLFDOFKHPLFDO IDFWRUVDQGUHDFWRUGHVLJQLQGLFDWHWKDWIRDPLQJWHVWVDUH SRRUPHWKRGVIRUHVWLPDWLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPSRSXODWLRQVLQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH7RRPDQ\ IDFWRUV RWKHU WKDQQRFDUGLR IRUPSRSXODWLRQDUHLQYROYHGLQIRDPLQJ)RUWKLVUHDVRQ

3LWWDQG-HQNLQVGHYHORSHGDQRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQW FRXQWLQJPHWKRG7DEOHEDVHGRQWKHZRUNRI9HJD 5RGULJXH] 7KLV WHFKQLTXH FDQ EH UHSOLFDWHG E\ REVHUYHUVRIWKHVDPHVDPSOHZLWKDFRHIÀFLHQWRIYDULDWLRQ RI DERXW $ VLPLODUPHWKRG IRU

0 SDUYLFHOOD

ZDV GHYHORSHGE\0DPDLVHWDO

3. Microbiological Factors

a. Factors Affecting Growth

,WLVSUREDEO\IDLUWRVWDWHWKDWPRUHLVNQRZQDERXWKRZ WRSUHYHQWQRFDUGLRIRUPVIURPJURZLQJLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH WKDQZKDWFDXVHVWKHLUJURZWK/HPPHUSUHVHQWHG VHYHUDOSRVWXODWHVFRQFHUQLQJWKHJURZWKRIVFXPFDXVLQJ

VXEVWUDWHV DV FDUERQ VRXUFHV 7KHVHLQFOXGHUHDGLO\GHJUDGDEOHFRPSRXQGVVXFKDVVXJDUV DQG ORZPROHFXODUZHLJKW IDWW\ DFLGV DQG VORZO\ELRGH JUDGDEOH KLJK PROHFXODU ZHLJKW FRPSRXQGV VXFK DV SRO\VDFFKDULGHVSURWHLQVSHVWLFLGHV DQGDURPDWLFFRP SRXQGV/HPPHUDQG.URSSHQVWHGW

6RPH QRFDUGLRIRUPV FDQ JURZ VDSURSK\WLFDOO\ RQ GHDGFHOOPDWHULDO7KHFHOO\LHOGVRIQRFDUGLRIRUPVZHUH IRXQGWREHSURSRUWLRQDOWRVXEVWUDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRYHU DYHU\ZLGH UDQJH IURP´VHYHUDOµPJ/ WRPJ/ 6HJHUHU/HPPHUSRVWXODWHGWKDWQRFDUGLR IRUPVXVHGWKHVHJURZWKFDSDELOLWLHVWRSURGXFHWKHKLJK SRSXODWLRQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHIRDPLQJ6KH SURSRVHG WKDW WKH DELOLW\ WR JURZ RQ VORZO\ GHJUDGDEOH FRPSOH[RUJDQLFPDWWHUSURYLGHGQRFDUGLRIRUPVDQLFKH WKDW RWKHU DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH KHWHURWURSKV ZHUH XQDEOH WR RFFXS\JURZWKRQWKHVHVXEVWUDWHVDWORZFRQFHQWUDWLRQV ZDV VORZ DQG D VPDOO SRSXODWLRQ RI QRFDUGLRIRUPV UHVXOWHG:KHQKLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIUHDGLO\ELRGHJUDG DEOHVXEVWUDWHEHFRPHDYDLODEOHLWZDVSURSRVHGWKDWWKH DELOLW\RIQRFDUGLRIRUPVWRSURGXFHFHOOPDWHULDOSURSRU WLRQDO WR VXEVWUDWH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RYHU D ZLGH UDQJH RI VXEVWUDWH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV DOORZHG WKHLU SRSXODWLRQV WR LQFUHDVHWRWKHKLJKOHYHOVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIIRDPLQJDFWL YDWHGVOXGJH

6RPH GRXEW KDV EHHQ FDVW RQ WKH YDOLGLW\ RI WKLV K\SRWKHVLVE\WKHSXUHFXOWXUHFKHPRVWDWGDWDRI%ODFNDOO HWDO RQ WKHJURZWKRI WZR VWUDLQVRI*DPDUDH $6)IURP6DQ)UDQFLVFRDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHDQG$6$& IURP6DFUDPHQWRDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHRQDFHWDWH7DEOH VKRZV WKDWPD[LPXPJURZWK UDWHVRI*DPDUDH VWUDLQV ZHUH RI WKH VDPH RUGHU DV WKRVH RI ÁRFIRUPLQJ KHW HURWURSKLF EDFWHULD IURP D FRPSOHWHO\ PL[HG DFWLYDWHG VOXGJHSODQWDQGIRUWKHÀODPHQWRXVRUJDQLVP7\SH1 &RPSDUHGWRWKHÁRFIRUPLQJ=RRJORHDUDPLJHUDEDFWHULD IURP D VHOHFWRU DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH V\VWHP WKH* DPDUDH VWUDLQV ZHUH SRRU FRPSHWLWRUV ERWK DW ORZ JURZWK UDWHV ORZ VXEVWUDWH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV DQG DW JURZWK UDWHV FORVH WR WKH UHVSHFWLYHPD[LPXPJURZWK UDWHV KLJK VXEVWUDWH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV)LJXUH

TABLE 5.1 Steady State Kinetic Data for

G. amarae S

trains, Type 021N, and

Z. ramigera

/HPPHUDQG6RGGHOOHWDOIXUWKHUSRV WXODWHGWKDWQRFDUGLRIRUPVEHFDXVHRIWKHLUK\GURSKRELF SURSHUWLHVDQGSURSHQVLW\WRÁRDWLQDHUDWLRQEDVLQVKDYH VHOHFWLYHDFFHVVWRVXEVWUDWHVWKDWÁRDWLQFOXGLQJRLOVIDWV DQGJUHDVHV6RGGHOOHWDOVKRZHGWKDWQRFDUGLRIRUPV FDQ JURZ RQ YHJHWDEOH RLOV DQG SDUDIÀQ K\GURFDUERQV 1RFDUGLRIRUPVKDYHRIWHQEHHQREVHUYHGDGKHULQJWRDQG HYHQSHQHWUDWLQJRLOGURSOHWV0DUVKDOODQG&UXLFNVKDQN 6RGGHOO HWDO DQGZKHQ JURZQ RQ K\GUR FDUERQV WKH\ FDQ SURGXFH ELRVXUIDFWDQWV WKDW HPXOVLI\ QRQSRODU VXEVWUDWHV 0DUJDULWLV HWDO 0DF'RQDOG HWDO &DLUQV HWDO DQG PD\ DOVR KHOS LQ FRQFHQWUDWLQJVXEVWUDWHVDWWKHDLU²ZDWHULQWHUIDFH

7KH UROH RI H[WHUQDOO\ DGGHG VXUIDFWDQWV LQ PDNLQJ QRQSRODU VXEVWUDWHV DYDLODEOH WRQRFDUGLRIRUPVKDVEHHQ GLVFXVVHGSUHYLRXVO\%HQGWHWDO)XUWKHUQRFDU GLRIRUPV DUH DGDSWHG WR GU\QHVV 'RPPHUJXHV HWDO DQGFDQSURWHFW WKHPVHOYHVDJDLQVWVRODUUDGLDWLRQ E\SURGXFLQJSLJPHQWV.ULQVN\7DNLQJDOOWKHVH IDFWRUVLQWRDFFRXQWVXJJHVWVWKDWVXUIDFHIRDPPD\SURYLGH DQ HQYLURQPHQWZKHUH QRFDUGLRIRUPV FDQ FRPSHWHZHOO LQWHUPVRIVXEVWUDWHDYDLODELOLW\DQGVXUYLYDO

,Q VXSSRUW RI WKHVH SRVWXODWHV 0DWVFKH DQG 3LSHV ERWK UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH GLVFKDUJH RIZDVWHV KLJKLQRLORUJUHDVHWRDQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHSODQWFDQFDXVH D UDSLG LQFUHDVH LQ QRFDUGLRIRUP SRSXODWLRQV 3XOS DQG

QRFDUGLRIRUPV DUH UDUHO\ REVHUYHGLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV\VWHPVWUHDWLQJWKLVW\SHRI ZDVWHZDWHU+RZHYHU RQ RFFDVLRQ VHYHUH QRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPLQJKDVRFFXUUHGGXHWRDQLQFUHDVHLQRLODQGJUHDVH IURPVSLOOVRIK\GUDXOLFRLODQGIURPWKHXVHRIRLOEDVHG GHIRDPHUV 6LQFH WKHUH DUHPDQ\ LQVWDQFHV RI QRFDUGLR IRUPIRDPLQJLQZDVWHZDWHUZLWKORZRLODQGJUHDVHFRQWHQW WKHVH VXEVWUDWHV FDQQRW EH WKH VROH UHDVRQ IRU H[FHVVLYH QRFDUGLRIRUPJURZWKLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH

b. MCRT and Temperature

$QHFGRWDO LQIRUPDWLRQ VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH SUHVHQFH RI QRFDUGLRIRUPVLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKKLJK WHPSHUDWXUHVUDWKHUWKDQORZWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGZLWKKLJK 0&57YDOXHVUDWKHUWKDQORZ0&57V3LSHVVXJ JHVWHG WKDWQRFDUGLRIRUPJURZWKDQG IRDP IRUPDWLRQ LQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH ZHUH SUREOHPV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK KLJK 0&57 u G DQG KLJK WHPSHUDWXUHV !r& :LOVRQ HWDOUHSRUWHGWKDWVXFFHVVIXOQRFDUGLRIRUPFRQWURO E\ ZDVKRXW ZDV DFKLHYHG DW WKH UG$YHQXH SODQW LQ 3KRHQL[ $= RQO\ ZKHQ WKH 0&57 ZDV GHFUHDVHG WR DSSUR[LPDWHO\ G 6XPPHUZDVWHZDWHU WHPSHUDWXUHV DW WKLVSODQWUHDFKHGr&

%HHEHUHSRUWHGWKDWQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPLQJLQ WKHÀUVWVWDJHRIWKHWZRVWDJHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV\VWHPDW WKH 6DQ -RVH6DQWD &ODUD SODQW FRXOG EH FRQWUROOHG E\ LQFUHDVHG VOXGJH ZDVWLQJ LQFUHDVHG )0 GHFUHDVHG 0&57 DFFRPSDQLHG E\ FKORULQDWLRQ RI WKH 5$6 IRU D VKRUW WLPH 7\SLFDO VXFFHVVIXO RSHUDWLQJ SDUDPHWHUV IRU WKLV WHFKQLTXHZHUH LQFUHDVLQJ)0IURP WRNJ %2'NJ0/966GDQGFKORULQDWLQJWKH5$6DWDSSUR[ LPDWHO\NJ&ONJ0/966GIRUWRG

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r& 6DFUDPHQWRUHDFWRUQRFDUGLRIRUPSRSXODWLRQVGHFOLQHGWR XQGHWHFWDEOH OHYHOV LQWHUVHFWLRQVJ 966 DW DQ 0&57RIGIRUWKHr&6DFUDPHQWRUHDFWRUZDVK RXWRFFXUUHGDWDQ0&57RIG

,Q WKH 6DQ )UDQFLVFR UHDFWRUV WKH VDPH SDWWHUQ RI LQFUHDVLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVP SRSXODWLRQV ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ0&57 DQG WHPSHUDWXUHZDV REVHUYHG EXW LW ZDVQRWSRVVLEOH WRREWDLQ DZDVKRXWRIQRFDUGLRIRUPV

WR XQGHWHFWDEOH OHYHOV QRU GLVFHUQ DQ\ GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH 0&57 DW ZKLFK QRFDUGLRIRUP SRSXODWLRQV EHJDQ WR GHFOLQHIURPWKHLUOHYHOVDWYHU\KLJK0&57VDWWHPSHUD WXUHVRIDQGr&)XUWKHUPRUHDOOWKH6DFUDPHQWR QRFDUGLRIRUP FRXQWV ZHUH EHORZ WKH ´QR QRFDUGLRIRUP JURZWKµOHYHODWr&DW6DQ)UDQFLVFR,WZDVFRQFOXGHG WKDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHVHGDWDVHWVZDVGXHWRWKH GLIIHUHQWSUDFWLFHVHPSOR\HGDWWKHWZRSODQWVIRUGHDOLQJ ZLWKUHPRYHGIRDPDQGWKHUHF\FOHVWUHDPVIURPWKHVROLGV KDQGOLQJSURFHVVHV)LJXUH

$W WKH WLPH RI WKH VWXG\ LQ 6DQ )UDQFLVFR WKH IRDP IURPWKHPL[HGOLTXRUFKDQQHOVZDVUHWXUQHGWRWKHKHDG ZRUNV$W 6DFUDPHQWR VHFRQGDU\ VFXP IURP WKH PL[HG OLTXRUFKDQQHOZDVÀUVWVHQWWRWKH:$6GLVVROYHGDLUÁR WDWLRQWKLFNHQHUVDQGWKHQFHWRWKHDQDHURELFGLJHVWHUV$IWHU DQDHURELF GLJHVWLRQ DOO WKH GLJHVWHU FRQWHQWV ZHUH WUDQV IHUUHGWRVROLGVUHWHQWLRQEDVLQV WKDWKDGVOXGJHUHVLGHQFH WLPHV RQ WKH RUGHU RI \ 6XSHUQDWDQW IURP WKH VROLGV

UHWHQWLRQEDVLQVDQGVXEQDWDQWIURPWKHGLVVROYHGDLUÁRWD WLRQXQLWVZHUHERWKUHWXUQHGWRWKHKHDGZRUNV7KHVHGLI IHUHQFHVLQIRDPKDQGOLQJDQGUHF\FOHVWUHDPVVXJJHVWWKDW VHHGLQJRI WKHLQÁXHQWZLWKQRFDUGLRIRUPVIURPUHPRYHG DQGUHF\FOHGIRDPDQGIURPVROLGVWUHDWPHQWSURFHVVUHF\ FOHVWUHDPVZDVWKHFDXVHRIWKHKLJKHUQRFDUGLRIRUPSRS XODWLRQVDQGWKHLQDELOLW\WRZDVKRXWQRFDUGLRIRUPVLQWKH 6DQ)UDQFLVFR DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH$WWHPSWV WR FRQÀUP WKLV E\GHWHFWLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQWVLQWKHSULPDU\HIÁXHQW HQWHULQJ WKH6DQ)UDQFLVFRDFWLYDWHG VOXGJH V\VWHPZHUH QRWVXFFHVVIXO3LWWDQG-HQNLQV

7KH0&57YDOXHVREWDLQHGIRUQRFDUGLRIRUPZDVKRXW LQWKHVHVWXGLHVDJUHHGYHU\ZHOOZLWKWKRVHWKDWHPSOR\HG DW WKH 6DFUDPHQWR DQG 6DQ )UDQFLVFR SODQWV WR FRQWURO IRDPLQJ7DEOH SUHVHQWV WKHVH GDWD DQG)LJXUH VKRZVDQ$UUKHQLXVHTXDWLRQSORWIRUDFRPELQDWLRQRIWKH 6DFUDPHQWRSLORWSODQWGDWDDQGWKHIXOOVFDOHSODQWGDWD 7KHVH GDWD FDQ EH XWLOL]HG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH 0&57

UHTXLUHGWRZDVKRXWQRFDUGLRIRUPVIURPDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH RYHUDUDQJHRIWHPSHUDWXUHV

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

c. pH

&KDHWDO H[DPLQHG WKHHIIHFWRIS+RQQRFDUGLR IRUP SRSXODWLRQV LQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH XVLQJ FRPSOHWHO\

PL[HG ODERUDWRU\ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH XQLWV RSHUDWHG RYHU D UDQJHRIS+YDOXHVEHWZHHQDQGDQGDW0&57YDOXHV RIDQGG)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWDWERWK0&57VS+ LQÁXHQFHGWKHQRFDUGLRIRUPFRXQWVLQWKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH 7KLVLQÁXHQFHZDVJUHDWHUDWWKHG0&57DQGLQGLFDWHG DQRSWLPXP LQ WKH UHJLRQRIS+ D VLPLODU WUHQGZDV HYLGHQWLQWKHGDWDDWDQ0&57RIG7KHYDOXHRIWKHS+ RSWLPXPLVVLJQLÀFDQWIURPWKHYLHZSRLQWRIQRFDUGLRIRUP RFFXUUHQFHLQIXOOVFDOHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV\VWHPV

,QWKHLUVXUYH\RIQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPLQJLQSURWRW\SH DFWLYDWHGVOXGJHSODQWV3LWWDQG-HQNLQVIRXQGWKDW HYHU\ RQH RI WKH VL[ R[\JHQDFWLYDWHG VOXGJH SODQWV UHVSRQGLQJ WR WKHLU TXHVWLRQQDLUH H[SHULHQFHG QRFDUGLR IRUPIRDPLQJ7KHDYHUDJHPL[HGOLTXRUS+YDOXHRIWKH DLUDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHSODQWVZDVIRUWKHR[\JHQDFWLYDWHG VOXGJHSODQWVWKHDYHUDJHS+YDOXHZDV/RZHUPL[HG OLTXRUS+YDOXHVDUHW\SLFDOO\HQFRXQWHUHGLQR[\JHQDFWL YDWHGVOXGJHSODQWVEHFDXVHWKHPL[HGOLTXRULVLQFRQWDFW ZLWKDJDVSKDVHKLJKLQ&2,QDGGLWLRQLWLVLPSRUWDQW WRQRWHWKDWWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQVLQR[\JHQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH V\VWHPV DOZD\V KDYH VXEVXUIDFH ZLWKGUDZDO RI PL[HG

Wash-out MCRT (MCRT Used for Nocardioform Organism Control) at Activated Sludge Plants

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

,W LVRIWHQREVHUYHG WKDWQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPLQJ LQFL GHQWVRIWHQFRLQFLGHZLWK WKHRQVHWRIQLWULÀFDWLRQ7KLV REVHUYDWLRQFDQEHH[SODLQHGLQWHUPVRIERWK0&57DQG S+HIIHFWV )LUVW WKH RQVHW RI QLWULÀFDWLRQ LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKHDHURELF0&57LVVXIÀFLHQWO\KLJKWRDOORZWKHJURZWK RI QLWULI\LQJ EDFWHULD 6HFRQG WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ RI DOND OLQLW\ E\ QLWULÀFDWLRQ FDQ UHVXOW LQ GHSUHVVHG S+ZKLFK DOVRIDYRUVWKHJURZWKRIQRFDUGLRIRUPV

1. Introduction

7KH DELOLWLHV RI WKH YDULRXV W\SHV RI VHOHFWRUV DHURELF DQR[LFDQGDQDHURELFWRFRQWUROQRFDUGLRIRUPJURZWKLQ DFWLYDWHGVOXGJHKDVEHHQH[DPLQHGE\DFRPELQDWLRQRI SXUH FXOWXUH H[SHULPHQWV RQ * DPDUDH DQG DFWLYDWHG VOXGJHH[SHULPHQWVDWODERUDWRU\SLORWDQGIXOOVFDOH

%ODFNDOO HWDO JUHZ * DPDUDH $6) DQG $6$&LQDFKHPRVWDWZLWKDFHWDWHDVDVROHFDUERQVRXUFH RYHUDZLGHUDQJHRIGLOXWLRQUDWHV7KHRUJDQLVPVZHUH UHPRYHGIURPWKHFKHPRVWDWDQGWKHLUEDWFKDFHWDWHXSWDNH UDWHVGHWHUPLQHGXQGHUDHURELFFRQGLWLRQV'2SUHVHQW DQR[LF FRQGLWLRQV QR '2 SUHVHQW 12

²1 RU 12 ²1

SUHVHQW DQG DQDHURELF FRQGLWLRQV QR '2 12 ²1 RU

12 ²1 SUHVHQW %DWFK VXEVWUDWH XSWDNH UDWHV VXJJHVW

KRZZHOODQRUJDQLVPZLOOIDUHLQDVHOHFWRUKLJKVXEVWUDWH XSWDNHUDWHSURYLGHVDFRPSHWLWLYHDGYDQWDJH

2. Aerobic Selectors

,Q)LJXUHWKHDHURELFEDWFKDFHWDWHXSWDNHUDWHVIRU *DPDUDHDUHFRPSDUHGWRWKRVHRI=RRJORHDUDPLJHUD³ DÁRFIRUPHUIRXQGLQVHOHFWRUDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHDQGVKRZQ E\YDQ1LHNHUNHWDOWREHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHUDSLG XSWDNHRIVROXEOH&2'LQDQDHURELFVHOHFWRU7KHYDULD WLRQ RI EDWFK DFHWDWH XSWDNH UDWH ZLWK RUJDQLVP JURZWK UDWHGLOXWLRQUDWHLVTXLWHGLIIHUHQWIRUWKHVHWZRRUJDQ LVPV2IVLJQLÀFDQFHIRUQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPFRQWURO LV WKHREVHUYDWLRQ WKDWRQO\DWYHU\ ORZGLOXWLRQ UDWHV LV WKH*DPDUDH$6)XQEDODQFHGJURZWKDFHWDWHXSWDNH UDWHJUHDWHUWKDQWKDWRI=UDPLJHUD

,W VKRXOG EH UHFRJQL]HG WKDW WKH RUJDQLVP GLOXWLRQ UDWHVXVHGLQWKHVHVWXGLHVUDQJHWRGDUHVLJQLÀFDQWO\ KLJKHUWKDQWKRVHXVHGLQPRVWIXOOVFDOHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH V\VWHPV$OVRWKHXQLIRUPJURZWKHQYLURQPHQWSURYLGHG LQDFKHPRVWDWGLIIHUV IURP WKH WHPSRUDOO\DQG VSDWLDOO\ YDULDEOHHQYLURQPHQWSURYLGHGLQDIXOOVFDOHV\VWHP7KLV ODWWHUIDFWRUPD\UHVXOWLQGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHSK\VLRORJLFDO VWDWHRIWKHRUJDQLVPV1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHGDWDSUHVHQWHGLQ )LJXUHVXJJHVWWKDWDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUPD\EHPRUH HIIHFWLYHLQFRQWUROOLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPVLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH DWDPRGHUDWH0&57WKDQDWDKLJK0&57

&KDHWDOLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHDELOLW\RIDQDHURELF VHOHFWRU WR FRQWURO QRFDUGLRIRUP SRSXODWLRQV LQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJHDW0&57VRIDQGGXVLQJDIRXUFRPSDUWPHQW VHOHFWRUDWDWHPSHUDWXUHRIR&$'2FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIDW OHDVWPJ/ZDVPDLQWDLQHGLQDOOVHOHFWRUFRPSDUWPHQWV DQGLQWKHPDLQDHUDWLRQEDVLQ$OOXQLWVKDGQRFDUGLRIRUP IRDP WUDSSLQJ IHDWXUHV LH VXEVXUIDFH DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ PL[HGOLTXRUZLWKGUDZDODQGDEDIÁHLQIURQWRIWKHVHF

WKHEDVLVRI LWV UDSLGVROXEOH &2' XSWDNH UDWH LQ D EDWFK WHVW FRQWURO RI 69, DQG REVHUYDWLRQ RI W\SLFDO DPRUSKRXV ]RRJORHDO FRORQLHV LQ WKHÁRFV

)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWDWDG0&57WKHQRFDUGLR IRUPFRXQWLQWKHFRPSOHWHO\PL[HGFRQWUROXQLWLQFUHDVHG IURPDQLQLWLDOYDOXHRILQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966WRv DIWHUDERXWRU0&57VDQGWKHUHDIWHUUHPDLQHGEHWZHHQ vDQGvXQWLOWKHHQGRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDIWHU 0&57V7KHQRFDUGLRIRUPFRXQWLQWKHDHURELFVHOHF WRU XQLW RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG GHFOLQHG JUDGXDOO\ IURP LWV LQLWLDO YDOXH RI WR D YDOXH RI DW WKH HQG RI WKH H[SHULPHQW7KHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWDWDG0&57WKH DHURELFVHOHFWRUFRQWUROOHGQRFDUGLRIRUPV:KHQWKHDHU RELFVHOHFWRUZDVRSHUDWHGDWDG0&57)LJXUH HIIHFWLYHQRFDUGLRIRUPFRQWUROZDVQRWREVHUYHG$IWHURQH 0&57QRFDUGLRIRUPFRXQWVLQWKH&675FRQWUROV\VWHP ÁXFWXDWHGEHWZHHQDQGvZKLOH WKRVH LQ WKH DHURELF VHOHFWRUXQLWZHUH VRPHZKDW ORZHU LQ WKH UDQJH RIv WR LQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966RYHU WKH0&57 H[SHULPHQW:KLOHWKHDHURELFVHOHFWRUQRFDUGLRIRUPSRS XODWLRQVZHUHLQDVRPHZKDWORZHUUDQJHWKDQWKRVHLQWKH FRQWUROV\VWHP)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWWRZDUGWKHHQGRI WKH H[SHULPHQW IURP WR 0&57V WKH QRFDUGLRIRUP FRXQWVLQERWKXQLWVZHUHYHU\FORVH2QWKLVEDVLVLWFDQ EH VWDWHG WKDW HIIHFWLYH QRFDUGLRIRUP FRQWURO ZDV QRW DFKLHYHGE\DQDHURELFVHOHFWRUDWDQ0&57RIG

2SHUDWLQJUHVXOWVIURPWKH0*'8SSHU2FFRTXDQ 6HZDJH $XWKRULW\ 826$ :DWHU 5HFODPDWLRQ 3ODQW :53LQ&HQWUHYLOOH9$DUHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHUHVXOWV RI &KD HWDO 7KH 826$:53 XWLOL]HV DHURELF VHOHFWRUV WR FRQWURO ÀODPHQWRXV EXONLQJ 'DLJJHU HWDO 'DLJJHUDQG1LFKROVRQ7KHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI WKH VHOHFWRU LQ FRQWUROOLQJ WKH JURZWK RI ÀODPHQWRXV

RUJDQLVPV LV GHPRQVWUDWHG E\ 69,V URXWLQHO\ EHORZ P/J LQ WKH IXOOVFDOHV\VWHP2SHUDWLQJH[SHULHQFH LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH VHOHFWRUV DUH HIIHFWLYH LQ FRQWUROOLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPLQJ LQ WKH VXPPHU ZDVWHZDWHU WHP SHUDWXUHJHQHUDOO\DERYHR&ZKHQWKH0&57LVPDLQ WDLQHGZLWKLQWKHWRGUDQJH+RZHYHUQRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPLQJ RFFXUV ZKHQ WKH 0&57 H[FHHGV G HYHQ WKRXJK WKH VHOHFWRU LV RSHUDWHG 1RFDUGLRIRUP IRDPLQJ GRHVQRWJHQHUDOO\RFFXU LQ WKHZLQWHU ZDVWHZDWHU WHP SHUDWXUH R& RU ORZHU HYHQ WKRXJK0&57V RI WR GDUHPDLQWDLQHG

3. Anoxic Selectors

$W0&57YDOXHVuGDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV\VWHPVRSHUDW LQJ DW WHPSHUDWXUHV RI !r& XVXDOO\ ZLOO QLWULI\ 7KLV RIIHUVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRXVHDQDQR[LFVHOHFWRUIRUQRFDU

GLRIRUPFRQWURO7KLVSRVVLELOLW\ZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGE\&KD HWDO DW DQ0&57 RI G 7KH DQR[LF VHOHFWRU GHVLJQGHVFULEHGHDUOLHUZDVXVHG,WZDVVKRZQWRIXQF WLRQ VDWLVIDFWRULO\ DV D VHOHFWRU E\ VROXEOH &2' XSWDNH DQG121 UHPRYDO RYHU WKH VHOHFWRU RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\ PJ/DQGDSSUR[LPDWHO\PJ/ UHVSHFWLYHO\FRQWURO RI69,WRP/JDQGSUHVHQFHRIDPRUSKRXV]RRJORHDO FRORQLHVLQWKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH

)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWWKH&675FRQWUROXQLWH[KLE LWHGQRFDUGLRIRUPFRXQWVWKDWUDQJHGIURPWRv LQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966RYHUDSHULRGRI0&57VJHQHUDOO\ LQFUHDVLQJWKURXJKRXWWKHH[SHULPHQW,QWKHVDPHSHULRG WKHDQR[LFVHOHFWRUV\VWHPQRFDUGLRIRUPFRXQWUHPDLQHG EHWZHHQvDQGLQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966$IWHUG 0&57V WKH FRQWHQWV RI WKH UHDFWRUV ZHUH LQWHU FKDQJHGVRWKDWWKH&675FRQWURODHURELFDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH

ZDVSODFHGLQWKHDQR[LFVHOHFWRUV\VWHPDQGYLFHYHUVD 7KHQRFDUGLRIRUPFRXQWLQWKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHIURPWKH FRQWURO XQLW LPPHGLDWHO\ DQG UDSLGO\ GHFUHDVHG XQGHU DQR[LF VHOHFWRU FRQGLWLRQV WKH DQR[LF VHOHFWRU VOXGJH SODFHGLQWKH&675FRQWUROXQLWVKRZHGDJUDGXDOLQFUHDVH LQ QRFDUGLRIRUP FRXQW WR OHYHOV DERYH WKRVH REVHUYHG ZKLOH WKLV VOXGJHZDV LQ WKH DQR[LF VHOHFWRUXQLW7KHVH H[SHULPHQWVVXJJHVWWKDWSURSHUO\GHVLJQHGDQR[LFVHOHF WRUV VKRXOG EH HIIHFWLYH LQ FRQWUROOLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUPV LQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH7KH\ DUH DOVR FRQVLVWHQWZLWK WKH SXUH FXOWXUHGDWDRI%ODFNDOOHWDO RQ*DPDUDHZKR VKRZHGWKDW*DPDUDHFRXOGQRWWDNHXSDFHWDWHLQDQR[LF EDWFKWHVWV)LJXUHDQGWKDWLWGHQLWULÀHGDWUDWHVWZR WR WKUHHRUGHUVRIPDJQLWXGH ORZHU WKDQIRU=UDPLJHUD YDQ 1LHNHUN HWDO DQG RQO\ LQFRPSOHWHO\ WR 12²1UDWKHUWKDQ1JDV7DEOH

6H]JLQ DQG.DUU FRQYHUWHG WKHÀUVW SDVV RI D IRXUSDVV DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ LQ D QLWULI\LQJ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH SODQW DW8WR\&UHHN*$ WR DQ DQR[LF ]RQHE\ UHGXFLQJ WKHDLUÁRZWRWKHFRDUVHEXEEOHGLIIXVHUV2QWKUHHRFFD VLRQVRXWRIÀYH5LFKDUGVHWDOUHSRUWHGWKDWWKLV ZDVVXFFHVVIXOLQUHGXFLQJIRDPFRYHUDJHRIWKHDHUDWLRQ EDVLQV$WUXO\DQR[LF]RQHZDVQRWREWDLQHGWRPJ '2/ZDVSUHVHQWEHFDXVHRIWKHXVHRIDHUDWLRQIRUPL[ LQJDOVRORZDHUDWLRQUDWHVLQWKHDQR[LF]RQHOLPLWHGWKH H[WHQWRIQLWULÀFDWLRQLQWKHSODQWPHDQLQJWKDWOHVV12 1ZDVUHF\FOHGEDFNWRWKHDQR[LF]RQHLQWKH5$6

IXOOVFDOH SODQWV XWLOL]LQJ DQR[LF LPSDFW RI DQ DQR[LF VHOHFWRU DQG RI IRDP WUDSSLQJ DQG UHF\FOLQJ 7KH 0*' PV5RFN&UHHN25SODQWXVHVDQDQR[LFVHOHFWRU IRUÀ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ÁHV7DNHQ WRJHWKHU WKHVHUHVXOWV LQGLFDWH WKDWDQR[LFVHOHFWRUVPD\ KHOS WR FRQWURO QRFDUGLRIRUP JURZWK EXW WKHLU SRVLWLYH HIIHFWVPD\EHRIIVHWE\IRDPWUDSSLQJDQGUHF\FOLQJ

4. Anaerobic Selectors

'DWD RQ WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI DQDHURELF VHOHFWRUV LQ FRQ WUROOLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPJURZWK LQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHDUHQRW DVH[WHQVLYHDVGDWDIRUDHURELFDQGDQR[LFVHOHFWRUV+RZ HYHUDVDUHVXOWRIWKHZRUNRIVHYHUDOLQYHVWLJDWRUV3LWW DQG -HQNLQV%ODFNDOO HWDO 0DPDLV DQG)DLQVRG HWDO LW LV SRVVLEOH WR FRQFOXGH WKDW DQDHURELF VHOHFWRUV LQWHQGHG WR FRQWURO QRFDUGLRIRUP JURZWKLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHPXVWEHRSHUDWHGWRDOORZWKH HVWDEOLVKPHQWRI(%35

7KLV FDQ EH MXGJHG XVLQJ VHYHUDO FULWHULD LQFOXGLQJ HIÀFLHQWSKRVSKRUXVUHPRYDOLQLWLDODQDHURELFUHOHDVHRI GLVVROYHGRUWKRSKRVSKDWHIURPDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHDFFRPSD QLHG E\ GLVVROYHG &2' XSWDNH SUHVHQFH RI 1HLVVHU SRVLWLYHFHOOFOXPSVLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHÁRFVDQGHOHYDWHG DFWLYDWHGVOXGJH WRWDO3FRQWHQW !39667KHFRQ FOXVLRQLVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHIROORZLQJH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV

%ODFNDOOHWDOVKRZHGWKDW*DPDUDHQHLWKHU WRRN XS DFHWDWH )LJXUH QRU JUHZXQGHU DQDHURELF FRQGLWLRQV LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW DQDHURELF VHOHFWRUV VKRXOG SURYLGH FRQGLWLRQV ZKHUH QRFDUGLRIRUPV FDQ EH RXW FRPSHWHG E\ PLFURRUJDQLVPV WKDW FDQ DFFHVV VXEVWUDWH DQDHURELFDOO\

/DERUDWRU\VFDOHH[SHULPHQWV3LWWDQG-HQNLQV DWWKH6DQ)UDQFLVFR6RXWK(DVW:DWHU3ROOXWLRQ&RQWURO 3ODQWIDLOHGWRGHPRQVWUDWHFRQVLVWHQWFRQWURORIQRFDUGLR IRUP RUJDQLVPV E\ DQ DQDHURELF VHOHFWRU 7KHLU H[SHUL PHQWVZHUHFRQIRXQGHGE\WKHJURZWKRI7KLRWKUL[VSSLQ WKHWHVWV\VWHPDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH3DJLOODRYHUFDPH WKHVHGLIÀFXOWLHVXVLQJWKHÀQGLQJVRI*DEEHWDO WR HOLPLQDWHÀODPHQWRXV RUJDQLVP VHHGLQJ E\ 6QDWDQV 7\SHDQG7KLRWKUL[VSSIURPIHHGWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV

XWLOL]HG / / FRPSDUWPHQWV LQ VHULHV DQG DQ DQDHURELF VHOHFWRU UHDFWRU ZLWK D IRXUFRPSDUWPHQW VHOHFWRU / HDFK FRPSDUWPHQW IROORZHG E\ WKUHH DHUDWHG / FRPSDUW PHQWVLQVHULHV$QDHURELFVHOHFWRUWRWDO+57ZDVPLQ

$QDHURELFVHOHFWRUFRQWHQWVZHUHPL[HGDQGNHSWIUHH RI'2E\SXUJLQJZLWK]HURJUDGH1JDVLQDOOIRXUVWDJHV '2ZDVPJ/LQWKHÀUVWDHUDWLRQEDVLQVWDJHDQGDERXW PJ/LQWKHÀQDOVWDJH7KHDHUDWLRQEDVLQVDQGVHF RQGDU\FODULÀHUVKDGWKHIROORZLQJIRDPWUDSSLQJIHDWXUHV VXEVXUIDFHPL[HG OLTXRU WUDQVIHU EHWZHHQ DHUDWLRQEDVLQ DQGVHFRQGDU\FODULÀHUV VFXPEDIÁH LQ VHFRQGDU\FODUL ÀHU DQG VHFRQGDU\ FODULÀHU VFXP UHWXUQHG WR DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ2QFHEXONLQJIUHHRSHUDWLRQKDGEHHQHVWDEOLVKHG LQWKHFRQWURODQG(%35KDGEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKHDQDHU RELF VHOHFWRU QRFDUGLRIRUP ÀODPHQW FRXQWV UHPDLQHG EHORZWKHOHYHORIGHWHFWLRQRILQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966LQ WKH DQDHURELF VHOHFWRU V\VWHP ,Q WKH FRQWURO WKH\ LQFUHDVHG IURP EHORZ GHWHFWLRQ OHYHOV WR WKH WR

LQWHUVHFWLRQVJ 966 UDQJH 7KHVH H[SHULPHQWV GHPRQ VWUDWHG WKDW DQ DQDHURELF VHOHFWRU H[KLELWLQJ(%35 DQG RSHUDWHGXQGHUFRQGLWLRQVRI0&57 GWHPSHUDWXUH R& S+ DQDHURELF VHOHFWRU+57 PLQ DQG WRWDOUHDFWRU+57 KFDQFRQWUROQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQ LVP JURZWK LQ DQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH SODQW WKDW KDV IRDP WUDSSLQJIHDWXUHV

)XOOVFDOH DQDHURELF VHOHFWRU H[SHULPHQWVZHUH FRQ GXFWHG DW WKH6DQ)UDQFLVFR6RXWK(DVW:DWHU 3ROOXWLRQ &RQWURO 3ODQW 6(:3&3 IURP 0D\ WKURXJK 2FWREHU 0D\WKURXJK2FWREHUDQGWKURXJK 3LWW DQG -HQNLQV 0DPDLV )DLQVRG HWDO7KH6(:3&3PL[HGOLTXRUS+DQGWHPSHU DWXUHGXULQJWKHVHVWXGLHVZHUHLQWKHUDQJHVRIWR DQG WR R& UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KLV R[\JHQDFWLYDWHG VOXGJHSODQWLQFOXGHVVL[HTXDOVL]HFRPSDUWPHQWDHUDWLRQ EDVLQVDQGHLJKWWUHDWPHQWWUDLQV)RUWKHH[SHULPHQWVLQ DQG IRXU WUDLQV ZHUH FRQYHUWHG WR WKH$2 SURFHVV E\ PDNLQJ WKH ÀUVW FRPSDUWPHQW DQDHURELF UHSODFLQJ WKH +S DHUDWRU ZLWK D +S VXEPHUVLEOH PL[HUDQGIHHGLQJWKH2JDVWRWKHVHFRQGFRPSDUWPHQW 7KH VL]HV RI WKH LQWHUVWDJH RSHQLQJV ZHUH GHFUHDVHG WR SUHYHQWEDFNPL[LQJEHWZHHQVWDJHV

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

1RFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVP FRXQWV VHFRQGDU\ FODULÀHU IRDPFRYHUDJHDQGIRDPKHLJKWLQDIRDPWHVWZHUHVRPH ZKDW ORZHU LQ WKH DQDHURELF VHOHFWRU V\VWHP WKDQ LQ WKH FRQWUROÀUVW VWDJH$ VPDOO WR PJ 3/ VROXEOH RUWKR3UHOHDVHRFFXUUHGLQWKHDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUV\VWHP EXWQRWLQWKHFRQWURO$WQRWLPHGLGWKHFRQWURORUDQDHU RELF VHOHFWRU V\VWHPV VKRZ DQ\ GLIIHUHQFHV LQ RYHUDOO SKRVSKDWHUHPRYDO

7KHIXOOVFDOHDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUWHVWZDVUHSHDWHGLQ VXPPHUXVLQJWKHIROORZLQJDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUFRQ GLWLRQV LQLWLDO )0V RI DQG NJ %2'NJ 0/966GK\GUDXOLFGHWHQWLRQWLPHVRIDQGPLQ DQGRYHUDOO0&57VRIDQGG&URVVFRQWDP LQDWLRQGXHWRIRDPVSLOOLQJIURPWKHFRQWUROV\VWHPLQWR WKHDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUV\VWHPRFFXUUHGIRUWKHÀUVWZN RIWKHH[SHULPHQW

7KH UHVXOWV DJDLQ VKRZHG WKDW WKH DQDHURELF VHOHFWRUKDGVOLJKWO\ORZHUQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPFRXQWV VHFRQGDU\FODULÀHU IRDPFRYHUDJHDQG IRDPKHLJKW LQD IRDPLQJWHVWWKDQLQWKHFRQWUROV\VWHP$QDHURELFVROXEOH RUWKR3UHOHDVHZDVRQO\WRPJ3/LQWKHDQDHURELF VHOHFWRU V\VWHP DQG WKH WZR V\VWHPV DJDLQ VKRZHG QR GLIIHUHQFHVLQRYHUDOOSKRVSKDWHUHPRYDOHIÀFLHQF\

%RWKWKHDERYHDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUH[SHULPHQWVRI3LWW DQG-HQNLQV ZHUHFDUULHGRXWDW0&57YDOXHV LQ WKHUDQJHWRG€RSHUDWLQJYDOXHVWKDWKDGEHHQ HPSOR\HGE\SODQWVWDIIWRSURYLGHVRPHGHJUHHRIIRDP LQJFRQWUROE\QRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPZDVKRXW

(%35LVXVXDOO\DFFRPSDQLHGE\ WKHXSWDNHRIELR GHJUDGDEOHVROXEOHRUJDQLFVLQDQDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUDQG ZLWKRXW WKLV XSWDNH RI VROXEOH RUJDQLFV DQG WKHUHIRUH ZLWKRXW(%35WKHEHQHÀ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· H[SHULPHQWV ZLOOYHU\ OLNHO\EHXQDEOH WRFRQVLVWHQWO\VXSSRUW(%35 DQG WKHUHIRUH ZRXOG QRW SURYLGH VDWLVIDFWRU\ FRQGLWLRQV IRUDQDQDHURELFVHOHFWRU

7R WHVW WKLV K\SRWKHVLV0DPDLV RSHUDWHG WKH 6DQ)UDQFLVFRSODQWDW0&57YDOXHVUDQJLQJIURPDSSUR[ LPDWHO\WRGDQGZLWKDQDHURELFVHOHFWRU+57VLQ WKH UDQJHRI WRPLQ%\ WKH WLPHRI WKHVH H[SHUL PHQWVWKHHQWLUHIDFLOLW\KDGEHHQFRQYHUWHGWRDQDQDHURELF VHOHFWRUSODQWVRWKDWDVLGHE\VLGHFRQWURODQGDQDHURELF

VHOHFWRU FRPSDULVRQ ZDV QRW SRVVLEOH $V WKH RYHUDOO 0&57LQFUHDVHGIURPWRG(%35EHFDPHHVWDE OLVKHG ZLWK DQDHURELF RUWKR3 UHOHDVH LQFUHDVLQJ IURP DSSUR[LPDWHO\WRPJ3/DQGHIÁXHQW3FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHFUHDVLQJIURPDSSUR[LPDWHO\WRPJ3/1RFDUGLR IRUP RUJDQLVP FRXQWV DYHUDJHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\ v LQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966ZKLFKLVVLJQLÀFDQWO\ORZHUWKDQYDO XHVREWDLQHGE\3LWWDQG-HQNLQV

,QDQG)DLQVRGHWDOFRQGXFWHGD IRXUWKVHULHVRIIXOOVFDOHDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUH[SHULPHQWV RQ QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVP FRQWURO DW WKH 6DQ )UDQFLVFR SODQW 7KH0&57 RI WKH HQWLUH DQDHURELF VHOHFWRU SODQW ZDVJUDGXDOO\UDLVHGIURPGWRG

)LJXUH VKRZV D VHULHV RI SORWV RI DOO DQG GDWDSRLQWVIRULQÁXHQWÁRZ0&57VROXEOHRUWKR3 SULPDU\HIÁXHQWVHFRQGDU\HIÁXHQWDQGDQDHURELFVHOHF WRU UHOHDVH DQG PL[HG OLTXRU QRFDUGLRIRUP ÀODPHQW FRXQWV7KH H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WKUHH SHULRGVRQWKHEDVLVRI0&57V3HULRGKDG0&57VLQ

WKHUDQJHIURPWRGDYHUDJHG3HULRGKDG 0&57V LQ WKH UDQJH IURP WR G DYHUDJH G 3HULRGKDG0&57VLQWKHUDQJHIURPWRGDYHUDJH G 3HULRGV DQG KDG LQÁXHQWÁRZV DYHUDJLQJ 0*'DQGUDQJLQJIURPWR0*'DYHUDJHPV UDQJHWRPVW\SLFDORIWKHGU\VHDVRQ3HULRG LQÁXHQWÁRZVZHUHVWURQJO\LQÁXHQFHGE\UDLQ\ZHDWKHU WKHDYHUDJHZDV0*'DQGUDQJHGIURPWR0*' DYHUDJHPVUDQJHWRPV6HFRQGDU\HIÁX HQWWHPSHUDWXUHDYHUDJHGR&UDQJHWRR&DQG ZLWKQRWUHQGVREVHUYHGWKURXJKRXWWKHH[SHULPHQW

(%35RFFXUUHGWRVRPHGHJUHHWKURXJKRXWWKHHQWLUH H[SHULPHQW 7KH HIÁXHQW VROXEOH RUWKR3 FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GHFUHDVHGIURP3HULRGVDQGDYHUDJHVDQGPJ 3/UHVSHFWLYHO\WR3HULRGDYHUDJHPJ3/LQGL FDWLQJWKDW(%35EHFDPHEHWWHUHVWDEOLVKHGDVWKH0&57 LQFUHDVHG7KHDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUVROXEOHRUWKR3UHOHDVH GLGQRWVKRZWKHVDPHWUHQGDQGPD\KDYHEHHQLQÁXHQFHG E\FKDQJHVLQLQÁXHQWVROXEOHRUWKR3FRQFHQWUDWLRQVDULV LQJ IURP LQÁXHQW GLOXWLRQ E\ VWRUPZDWHU HVSHFLDOO\ LQ 3HULRG

'XULQJ 3HULRGV DQG WKH DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH WRWDO 3 FRQWHQWJUDGXDOO\LQFUHDVHGIURPWRE\ZHLJKWRQD 966EDVLV7KLVSURYLGHGIXUWKHUHYLGHQFHRIWKHHVWDEOLVK PHQWRI(%35DVWKH0&57ZDVUDLVHGIURPWRG 7KH ORZHVWQRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQW FRXQW v LQWHU VHFWLRQVJ966DQGWKHORZHVWDYHUDJHVHFRQGDU\HIÁXHQW VROXEOHRUWKR3FRQFHQWUDWLRQPJ3/ZHUHERWKDVVR FLDWHGZLWKWKHKLJKHVWDYHUDJH0&57WHVWHGG

7KH PL[HG OLTXRU QRFDUGLRIRUP ÀODPHQW FRXQWV GHFUHDVHGIURPWKHLUYDOXHV LQ3HULRGVDQG3HULRG DYHUDJHvLQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966UDQJHWRv LQWHUVHFWLRQV J966 3HULRG DYHUDJH v LQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966UDQJHWRvLQWHUVHFWLRQVJ 966WRWKRVHLQ3HULRGDYHUDJHvLQWHUVHFWLRQVJ

966UDQJHWRvLQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966,QFUHDV LQJWKHRYHUDOO0&57IURPWRGLQWKH6DQ)UDQFLVFR DQDHURELF VHOHFWRU SODQW JUHDWO\ UHGXFHG QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVPOHYHOVDQGQRFDUGLRIRUPDVVRFLDWHGSUREOHPVEXW LWZDVQHYHUSRVVLEOHWRUHGXFHWKHQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVP OHYHOV WRQRQGHWHFWDEOHDVZDVDFKLHYHGLQWKHODERUDWRU\ H[SHULPHQWVRI3DJLOOD)DLQVRGHWDO

)LJXUHSUHVHQWVWKHHQWLUHVHWRIGDWDIURPDOOWKH IXOOVFDOH H[SHULPHQWV DW 6DQ )UDQFLVFR 7KH DYHUDJH 0&57V DQG RSHUDWLQJ WHPSHUDWXUHV RI DOO WKH QRFDUGLR IRUPRUJDQLVPFRQWUROH[SHULPHQWV ODERUDWRU\DQG IXOO VFDOH DUH SORWWHG LQ )LJXUH WRJHWKHUZLWK WKHLU VXFFHVVDWUHGXFLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPFRXQWVWREHORZGHWHFW DEOHOHYHOVDQGWKHUDQJHVDWZKLFK(%35DQGQLWULÀ FDWLRQRFFXULQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH

7KHRSHQV\PEROVLQ)LJXUHUHSUHVHQWH[SHULPHQWV LQZKLFKQRFDUGLRIRUPVFRXOGVWLOOEHGHWHFWHGLQWKHDFWL YDWHGVOXGJH6ROLGV\PEROVUHSUHVHQWH[SHULPHQWVLQZKLFK QRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPVZHUHUHGXFHGWREHORZGHWHFWDEOH OHYHOV QRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQW FRXQWV LQWHUVHFWLRQVJ 966$WWKH6DQ)UDQFLVFRSODQWDWDWHPSHUDWXUHRIR& WKHIXOOVFDOHH[SHULPHQWVVSDQQHGWKHHQWLUH0&57UDQJH IRU(%35ZLWKRXWQLWULÀFDWLRQDQGQRFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQW

FRXQWV FRXOG QRW EH UHGXFHG WR EHORZ GHWHFWDEOH OHYHOV +RZHYHUDWWKHVDPHWHPSHUDWXUHR&DQGDWDQ0&57 RIGQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPVZHUH UHGXFHG WREHORZ GHWHFWDEOHOHYHOVLQWKH6DFUDPHQWRSLORWSODQWV\VWHP

3RVVLEOHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHSLORWVFDOHRSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQVDWWKH6DFUDPHQWRSODQWDQGWKRVHDW6DQ)UDQ FLVFRSODQWWKDWPLJKWDFFRXQWIRUWKHVHUHVXOWVLQFOXGHWKH IROORZLQJSLORWVFDOHH[SHULPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV

‡ $EVHQFHRIQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPFRQWDLQLQJ UHWXUQVWUHDPVLQWKHLQÁXHQW

‡ +LJKHUDQDHURELFVHOHFWRU+57

‡ 0RUH HIIHFWLYH FRPSDUWPHQWDOL]DWLRQ LQ WKH DQDHURELFVHOHFWRU

$OOWKHVHIDFWRUVPD\EHVLJQLÀFDQW7KHLQÁXHQFHRI QRFDUGLRIRUP UHF\FOHV KDV DOUHDG\ EHHQ GLVFXVVHG 7KH DQDHURELFVHOHFWRUVHPSOR\HGLQ WKH6DQ)UDQFLVFRSODQW H[SHULPHQWVFRQVLVWHGRIRQO\RQHFRPSDUWPHQWZLWKDQ +57RIRQO\WRPLQ,QWKH6DFUDPHQWRSLORWSODQW WKHDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUVFRQWDLQHGIRXUHTXDOO\VL]HGFRP SDUWPHQWVLQVHULHVZLWKDWRWDO+57RIPLQ

7KHVH UHVXOWV VXJJHVW WKDW D SURSHUO\ GHVLJQHG DQG VL]HGDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV\VWHPH[KLELW LQJ(%35LQDV\VWHPZLWKRXWQRFDUGLRIRUPUHF\FOLQJFDQ FRQWURO QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVPV LQ DQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH V\VWHP ZLWK IRDPWUDSSLQJ IHDWXUHV 7KH DVVRFLDWLRQ RI (%35HIIHFWLYHQHVVZLWKQRFDUGLRIRUPFRQWURO DELOLW\ LV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJXUH DV HIÁXHQW VROXEOH RUWKR3 GHFUHDVHVVRGRWKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHQRFDUGLRIRUPFRXQWV

5. Classifying Selectors and Selective Foam Wasting

5HIHUHQFH ZDV PDGH HDUOLHU WR WKH DQDORJ\ WKDW FDQ EH GUDZQEHWZHHQQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPLQJLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH DQG WKHXVHRIK\GURSKRELFFROOHFWRUV IRU WKHVHSDUDWLRQ

RIPLQHUDOVIURPRUHVE\VHOHFWLYHÁRWDWLRQ7KLVSULQFLSOH KDV EHHQ XVHG WR UHPRYH QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVPV IURP DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH 3UHWRULRXV VXJJHVWHG WKDW WKH EXR\DQF\RIQRFDUGLRIRUPVFRXOGEHXVHG WR VHOHFWLYHO\ ÁRDWWKHPIURPVHWWOHDEOHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHÁRFVLQD´FODV VLI\LQJVHOHFWRUµ+HVXJJHVWHGWKDWLIWKHÁRDWIURPVXFK DVHOHFWRUZHUHQRWUHWXUQHGWRWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQQRFDU GLRIRUPVZRXOGEHHOLPLQDWHG

3UHWRULRXVDQG/DXEVFKHULQYHVWLJDWHGWKLVSULQ FLSOHLQ/PHFKDQLFDOO\DHUDWHGDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHSODQWV RQHRIZKLFKZDVHTXLSSHGZLWKD/ÀQHEXEEOHÁR WDWLRQ FHOO EHWZHHQ WKH DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ DQG WKH VHFRQGDU\ FODULÀHU )RDPLQJ LQ WKH FODVVLI\LQJ VHOHFWRU V\VWHP ZDV YLUWXDOO\HOLPLQDWHGDIWHUDERXWGZKLOHWKHFRQWUROV\VWHP FRQWLQXHGWRIRDPVHYHUHO\:KLOHWKHÁRWDWLRQFHOOKDGQR

ORQJWHUPHIIHFWRQWKH0/66OHYHODGHFUHDVHIURPDERXW WR PJ/ZDV QRWHG GXULQJ WKHÀUVW IHZGD\V DIWHUWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHÁRWDWLRQFHOO7KLVREVHUYDWLRQ VXJJHVWV WKDW D ÁRWDWLRQ FHOO DSSOLHG WR D ORQJVWDQGLQJ VHYHUHQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPLQJSUREOHPZLWKPXFKDFFXPX ODWHGIRDPPD\LQLWLDOO\ZDVWHRXWPRUHWKDQWKHGHVLUDEOH DPRXQWRIVROLGVLQYHQWRU\,QVXFKFLUFXPVWDQFHVLWPD\ ZHOOEHJRRGSUDFWLFHWRYDFXXPRIIDVPXFKDFFXPXODWHG IRDPDVSRVVLEOHWKHQVWDUWXVLQJWKHÁRWDWLRQFHOO

6HOHFWLYHIRDPZDVWLQJZDVHPSOR\HGVXFFHVVIXOO\E\ 5LFKDUGV HWDO DW WKH 8WR\ &UHHN *$ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJHSODQW7KLVSODQWZDVRSHUDWHGLQDVOXGJHUHDHUD WLRQVWHSIHHGPRGH )LJXUHZLWK5$6RQO\ LQ WKH

ÀUVWSDVVRIWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQ)RDPZDVDOORZHGWRSDVV IURPWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQLQWRDQXQXVHGEDVLQZKHUHLWZDV FRQFHQWUDWHG E\ FROODSVLQJ)RDP66 FRQFHQWUDWLRQZDV WRDQGGHZDWHUHGZHOOXVLQJWKHFHQWULIXJHVQRUPDOO\ XVHG IRU:$68VLQJ VHOHFWLYH IRDPZDVWLQJ WR FRQWURO IRDPDOORZHGWKHSODQWWRLQFUHDVHDHUDWLRQUDWHDQG0&57 YDOXHVIURPWRGVRWKDWFRPSOHWHQLWULÀFDWLRQZDV SRVVLEOHIRUWKHÀUVWWLPH2QFHWKH0&57ZDVLQFUHDVHG WR ! G WKH VHYHUH IRDPLQJ FHDVHG DQG IRDPZDVWLQJ ZDVQRWQHFHVVDU\)URPDSUHYLRXVDUWLFOHDERXWWKLVSODQW 6H]JLQDQG.DUULWLVVXVSHFWHGWKDWDQLQGXVWULDO ZDVWH FRQWDLQLQJ D VORZO\ GHJUDGDEOH VXUIDFWDQW ZDV SUHVHQW ZKLFK ZDV RQO\ GHJUDGHG FRPSOHWHO\ DW KLJK

0&577KHQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPLQJPD\KDYHEHHQVWDEL OL]HGE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVXUIDFWDQWDWWKHORZHU0&57

3DUNHUHWDOUHSRUWHGWKHXVHRIVHOHFWLYH IRDP ZDVWLQJ FODVVLI\LQJ VHOHFWRUV DW VHYHQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJHSODQWV7DEOH7KH\HPSKDVL]HWKHLPSRUWDQFH RIUHPRYLQJDVPDOODPRXQWRIOLTXLGDOPRVWFRQWLQXRXVO\ IURPWKHWRSWRFPRIDPL[HGOLTXRURU5$6VWUHDP 7KLVOD\HUFDQEHUHPRYHGWKURXJKGHYLFHVVXFKDVGRZQ ZDUG RSHQLQJ JDWHV RU VLGH ZHLUV RQ FKDQQHOV 6XFK GHYLFHV DUHEHVW ORFDWHGZKHUH WKHQDWXUDOÁRZ WHQGV WR

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ÁRDWLQJPDWHULDOUHPRYDO7KHSXPSVKRXOGEHDEOH WR SDVV OLTXLG FRQWDLQLQJ HQWUDLQHG DLU 6XLWDEOH SXPSV LQFOXGH VXEPHUVLEOH VROLGV KDQGOLQJ SRVLWLYH GLVSODFH PHQW GLDSKUDJP VHOISULPLQJ DQG DLUOLIW W\SHV 3XPS FDSDFLW\PXVWEHKLJKHQRXJKWRSXPSGRZQWKHFROOHFWLRQ VXPSEUHDNVXFWLRQDQG UHPRYHÁRDWLQJPDWHULDODWDOO EXW SHDN ÁRZV 3XPS FRQWURO GHYLFHV PXVW EH DEOH WR IXQFWLRQLQOLTXLGVFRQWDLQLQJHQWUDLQHGDLU

3DUNHUHWDOVKRZHGWKDWWKHLQVWDOODWLRQ RI D FODVVLI\LQJ VHOHFWRU RQ WKH 5$6 FKDQQHO RI WKH 0*' PG+DVNHOO 5 6WUHHW SODQW LQ (O 3DVR 7; YLUWXDOO\ HOLPLQDWHG DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH IRDPLQJ DQG UHGXFHGQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPFRXQWVIURPWRv LQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966WRvLQWHUVHFWLRQVJ966

TABLE 5.3 Activated Sludge Plants with Surface Wasting in Operation

6. Chlorination

5$6 FKORULQDWLRQ LV QRW YHU\ HIIHFWLYH IRU FRQWUROOLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUPV LQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHEHFDXVH WKHQRFDUGLR IRUPÀODPHQWVDUH ODUJHO\FRQWDLQHG LQVLGH WKHDFWLYDWHG VOXGJHÁRFV7KXV WKH\ DUH LQDFFHVVLEOH WR WKH FKORULQH XQOHVV D KLJK HQRXJK GRVH DFWXDOO\ DQ RYHUGRVH LV DSSOLHGWREUHDNXSWKHÁRFV6XFKGRVHVDUHQRWUHFRP PHQGHGEHFDXVHWKH\GHJUDGHHIÁXHQWTXDOLW\DQGGLPLQ LVKWUHDWPHQWFDSDFLW\6RPHEHQHÀWIURP5$6FKORULQD WLRQ LQ FRQWUROOLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUPV FDQ EH DFKLHYHG LQ D V\VWHPZLWK DQ DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ WKDW KDV VXEVXUIDFHZLWK GUDZDOEHFDXVHWKLVJHQHUDWHVIUHHÁRDWLQJQRFDUGLRIRUP ÀODPHQWVWKDWDUHDFFHVVLEOHWRWKHFKORULQH

$IDUPRUHHIIHFWLYHXVHRIFKORULQHLQQRFDUGLRIRUP FRQWUROLVWRDSSO\DFKORULQHVROXWLRQDVDÀQHVSUD\PLVW GLUHFWO\ WR WKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQVXUIDFH7KLVDSSURDFKKDV EHHQVXFFHVVIXODWVHYHUDOSODQWVLQWKH86LQFOXGLQJWKH UG $YHQXH SODQW LQ 3KRHQL[ 6WDPIRUG &7 2FHDQ &RXQW\1-7UHQWRQ1-$OEHUWVRQDQG6DQ-RVH &$(NVWHUDQG-HQNLQV$WWKHUG$YHQXHSODQW LQ3KRHQL[VSUD\KRRGV)LJXUHZHUHSODFHGDFURVV WKHHQGRI WKH WKLUGSDVVRI WKHIRXUSDVVDHUDWLRQEDVLQ $VWKHIRDPHQWHUHGWKHKRRGZLWKWKHPL[HGOLTXRUÁRZ LWZDVVSUD\HGDWDUDWHRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\/PLQZLWK DFKORULQHVROXWLRQIURPDJDVFKORULQDWRUFRQWDLQLQJWR PJ &O / 8VLQJ D FKORULQH GRVH LQ WKH UDQJH WR PJ&O /EDVHGRQWKHZDVWHZDWHUÁRZQRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPZDVHOLPLQDWHGRQVHYHUDORFFDVLRQVZLWKLQWRG ZLWKRXWDQ\HIÁXHQWTXDOLW\GHWHULRUDWLRQRUORVVRIWUHDW PHQWHIÀFLHQF\

$WWKH6DQ-RVHSODQWDÀQHPLVWVSUD\RI1D2&OJ &O/VROXWLRQZDVDSSOLHGWKURXJKDVKURXGHGVSUD\EDU WRWKHVXUIDFHRIRQHDHUDWHGFRPSDUWPHQWRIDFRPSDUW PHQWVLQVHULHV VWHSIHHG %15 DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH V\VWHP $WGRVHVRIWRPJ&O/EDVHGRQZDVWHZDWHUÁRZ WKLVV\VWHPFRQWUROOHGQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPZLWKRXWDOWHULQJ EXONPL[HGOLTXRUQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPOHYHOVVXJJHVW LQJWKDW LWRQO\NLOOVQRFDUGLRIRUPVDW WKHVXUIDFHVRI WKH

EDVLQV7KLVPHWKRGRIQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPFRQWUROGLG QRWFRPSURPLVHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKH%15HIÁXHQWLQDQ\ZD\

,WPD\EHSRVVLEOH WRHQKDQFH WKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRID FKORULQH VXUIDFH VSUD\E\ LQVWDOOLQJÀQHEXEEOH DHUDWLRQ WR HQKDQFH WKH QRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPLQJ MXVW SULRU WR RU ZLWKLQ WKH FKORULQH VXUIDFH VSUD\ V\VWHP :KHQ XVLQJ VXUIDFH VSUD\ FKORULQDWLRQ LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR DYRLG GLV SHUVDORI WKH VSUD\HG PLVWHG FKORULQH VROXWLRQEHFDXVH RILWVKD]DUGRXVDQGFRUURVLYHQDWXUH)XUWKHUZKHQXVLQJ D1D2&OVROXWLRQVSUD\ÁXVKLQJZLWKZDWHULVQHFHVVDU\ HVSHFLDOO\SULRUWRVKXWGRZQWRSUHYHQWEORFNDJHRIVROX WLRQOLQHVDQGVSUD\VZLWKWKHVSDULQJO\VROXEOHSUHFLSLWDWHV WKDWFDQIRUPE\ LQWHUDFWLRQRI WKHDONDOLQH1D2&OZLWK ZDWHUDQGWKHDWPRVSKHUH

7. Cationic Polymer Addition

,QWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHHIIHFWRIUHDFWRUZLWKGUDZDOFRQ ÀJXUDWLRQRQQRFDUGLRIRUPJURZWKIRUPLWZDVVKRZQWKDW LQSXUHFXOWXUHVRI*DPDUDHDQRYHUÁRZRXWOHW WHQGHG WRSURGXFHFOXPSHGJURZWKZKLOHDVXEVXUIDFHZLWKGUDZDO FRQÀJXUDWLRQWHQGHGWRSURGXFHGLVSHUVHGÀODPHQWV7KHVH VDPHHIIHFWVFDQEHREVHUYHGLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHFRQWDLQLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUPV ,QGHHG WKH PLFURVFRSLF REVHUYDWLRQ RI IUHHÁRDWLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUP ÀODPHQWV LQ D PL[HG OLTXRU VDPSOHFDQEHXVHGDVDQLQGLFDWLRQWKDWWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQ KDV D VXEVXUIDFHZLWKGUDZDO DQG WKDW IRDP WUDSSLQJ DQG DQDFFXPXODWLRQRIIRDPZLOORFFXURQWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQ

%HFDXVH WKH K\GURSKRELF QRFDUGLRIRUP RUJDQLVP VXUIDFH FDXVHV IRDPLQJ WKH SUHVHQFH RI IUHHÁRDWLQJ QRFDUGLRIRUPVZLOOHQKDQFHIRDPLQJRYHUWKHOHYHOVWKDW ZRXOGEHSURGXFHGE\QRFDUGLRIRUPVEXULHG LQVLGHDFWL YDWHGVOXGJHÁRFV1DUD\DQDQ$VXEVXUIDFHDHUD WLRQEDVLQRXWOHWSURGXFHVIUHHÁRDWLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPVWKDW IRDPPRUH HIÀFLHQWO\7KH IRDPEXLOGV XS RQ WKH EDVLQ VXUIDFHEHFDXVHLWLVWUDSSHGE\WKHVXEVXUIDFHRXWOHW6KDR HWDO IRXQG WKDW WKH DGGLWLRQ RI VPDOO DPRXQWV PJ/EDVHGRQZDVWHZDWHUÁRZRIDFDWLRQLFSRO\ DFU\ODPLGHSRO\PHUHJ3RO\G\QH,QF&ODULÁRF&

DPLQRPHWK\ODWH SRO\DFU\ODPLGH ORZ FKDUJH GHQVLW\ PROHFXODU ZHLJKW WR v WR WKH DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ HOLPLQDWHGQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDP)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWWKH UHGXFWLRQRIDHUDWLRQEDVLQIRDPFRYHUDJHZDVQRWDFFRP SDQLHGE\DSURSRUWLRQDOGHFUHDVHLQQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQ LVPFRXQWV6KDRHWDOSRVWXODWHGWKDWWKHSRO\PHU ÁRFFXODWHV WKH IUHHÁRDWLQJQRFDUGLRIRUPVEDFN LQWR WKH DFWLYDWHGVOXGJHÁRFV WKHUHE\GHFUHDVLQJ WKHDPRXQWRI K\GURSKRELFVXUIDFHDYDLODEOHIRUDWWDFKPHQW WRDLUEXE EOHVDQGWKHQFHGHFUHDVLQJIRDPIRUPDWLRQ

%\ HOLPLQDWLQJ WKH QRFDUGLRIRUP IRDP WKH SRO\PHU DGGLWLRQUHLQFRUSRUDWHVWKHQRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPVFRQ FHQWUDWHG LQ WKH IRDP EDFN LQWR WKHPL[HG OLTXRU +HUH WKH\DUHOHVVOLNHO\WRFDXVHIRDPLQJDQGDUHDFFHVVLEOHWR ZDVWLQJLQ:$6VRWKDWWKH\FDQEHHOLPLQDWHGIURPWKH DFWLYDWHGVOXGJHDWWKHVDPHUDWHDVRWKHUDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH PLFURRUJDQLVPV

3RO\PHU DGGLWLRQ WR FRQWURO QRFDUGLRIRUP IRDP KDV EHHQ SUDFWLFHG DW VHYHUDO WUHDWPHQW IDFLOLWLHV VXEVHTXHQW WR WKH LQLWLDO WULDOV DW WKH 7HUPLQDO ,VODQG SODQW LQ /RV $QJHOHV)RUH[DPSOHQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPRQWKHDHUDWLRQ EDVLQVDWWKHSODQWLQ)UDQNHQPXWK0,ZDVUHGXFHGIURP VXUIDFH FRYHUDJH LQ GHHS WR D FRYHUDJH LQGHHSE\WKHDGGLWLRQRIPJ/RISRO\PHUIRU G)LJXUH

7KHSRO\PHUFDQEHGRVHGHLWKHUWRDQ5$6ZHWZHOO RUWRDPL[HGOLTXRUFKDQQHO3RO\PHUGRVLQJSHULRGVRI WRGZHUHXVHGDW6DQ-RVHWRFRQWUROQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDP RQWKUHHRFFDVLRQV'XULQJWKHÀUVWWHVWSHULRG-XO\ DHUDWLRQEDVLQIRDPDQGVFXPOHYHOVLQWKHVHFRQGDU\FODU LÀHUIHHGFKDQQHOZHUHQRWLFHDEO\UHGXFHGDIWHUGRILQWHU PLWWHQW SRO\PHU GRVLQJ DW PJ/ $IWHU WR G RI FRQWLQXRXVSRO\PHUGRVLQJDWPJ/WKHIRDPDQGVFXP YLUWXDOO\GLVDSSHDUHG'XULQJWKHVHFRQGWHVWSHULRG-DQX

DU\ WKURXJK 0DUFK D SRO\PHU GRVH RI PJ/ FRQWUROOHGIRDPLQJPRVWRIWKHWLPHEXWZDVLQDGHTXDWHWR FRPSOHWHO\HOLPLQDWHLW,QFUHDVLQJWKHSRO\PHUGRVHWR WRPJ/FRQWUROOHGWKHIRDP'XULQJWKHWKLUGWHVWSHULRG $SULOIRDPDQGVFXPZHUHFRQWUROOHGUDSLGO\XVLQJ DSRO\PHUGRVHRIPJ/(NVWHUDQG-HQNLQV

2QHRIXV'-ZDVWROGDQLQWHUHVWLQJDQHFGRWHGXULQJ DGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHXVHRISRO\PHUIRUQRFDUGLRIRUPIRDP FRQWURO2QKHDULQJDERXWWKLVPHWKRGDQGRXUK\SRWKHVLV IRUKRZLWZRUNVDWUHDWPHQWSODQWRSHUDWRUUHSOLHG´6R WKDW VZK\P\IRDPJRHVDZD\ZKHQ,RYHUGRVHSRO\PHU WR P\ EHOW SUHVVHVµ >/DQJXDJH SDUDSKUDVHG WR UHPRYH FHUWDLQ$QJOR6D[RQDGMHFWLYHVDQGYHUEV@7KLVYHU\SHU FHSWLYHRSHUDWRUÀJXUHGRXWWKDWWKHW\SHRISRO\PHUXVHG IRUVOXGJHWKLFNHQLQJE\JUDYLW\EHOWVEHOWÀOWHUSUHVVHV FHQWULIXJHVHWFLVWKHVDPHW\SHWKDWZRUNVIRUQRFDUGLR IRUPIRDPFRQWURODQGWKDWDQRYHUGRVHRISRO\PHUWRKLV EHOWSUHVVHVUHVXOWHGLQDUHF\FOHRISRO\PHUWRWKHDHUDWLRQ

IRU H[FHVVLYH 0SDUYLFHOOD JURZWK LQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH DUH QRW FRP SOHWHO\XQGHUVWRRGWKHIRXUPRVWFRPPRQO\FLWHGFRQGL WLRQVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLWVJURZWKLQDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHDUH

‡ +LJK0&57 ‡ /RZ'2 ‡ /RZWHPSHUDWXUH ‡ 3UHVHQFH RI DQR[LF DQDHURELF DQG LQWHUPLW

WHQWO\DHUDWHG]RQHVVXFKDVWKRVHXVHGLQ%15 SODQWVDQGSUHVHQWLQPHFKDQLFDOO\DHUDWHGDHU DWLRQEDVLQV

$V KLJK0&57%15SODQWV EHFRPHPRUH FRPPRQ LQ WKH86 WKH LQFLGHQFH RI0 SDUYLFHOOD LV FHUWDLQ WR LQFUHDVH

:HQW]HOUHSRUWHGWKDWDWWKHÀYHVWDJH%DUGHQ SKR-RKDQQHVEXUJ1RUWKHUQSODQW6RXWK$IULFD0SDU YLFHOODZDVWKHGRPLQDQWÀODPHQWRXVRUJDQLVPLQWKHZLQ WHU,QWKHVXPPHU7\SHEHFDPHGRPLQDQW

.QRRSDQG.XQVWLQSLORWSODQWDQGIXOOVFDOH H[SHULPHQWV RQ PXQLFLSDO ZDVWHZDWHU WUHDWPHQW SODQWV FRQWDLQLQJDQR[LFDQGRUDQDHURELF]RQHVIRXQGWKDWWKH EHVWJURZWKRI0SDUYLFHOODRFFXUUHGDWeWRr&DQG ZLWK )0 YDOXHV RI e NJ %2'NJ 0/66G 8QGHU WKHVH FRQGLWLRQV0 SDUYLFHOOD ÀODPHQWV ZHUH WR QPORQJDQG69,YDOXHVZHUHDVKLJKDVP/J DYHUDJH P/J$Wur& DQG WKH VDPH )0 WKH 0SDUYLFHOODÀODPHQWVIUDJPHQWHGLQWRWRQPORQJ SLHFHV WKHQ JUDGXDOO\ GLVDSSHDUHG IURP WKH DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH7KHÀODPHQWIUDJPHQWDWLRQZDVDFFRPSDQLHGE\ DQ69, GHFUHDVH WR DSSUR[LPDWHO\ P/J:KHQ WKH )0ZDVLQFUHDVHGWR!NJ%2'NJ0/66G0SDU YLFHOODZDVJUDGXDOO\HOLPLQDWHGIURPWKHDFWLYDWHGVOXGJH

EXQGOHVWKDWGLGQRWFDXVHDVPXFKLQWHUIHUHQFHZLWKVHW WOLQJDQG69,YDOXHVGHFUHDVHGWRP/J

0DPDLVHWDOLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHHIIHFWVRIUHDFWRU PL[LQJ FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKH SUHVHQFH RI DQR[LF ]RQHV RQ EXONLQJGXHWR0SDUYLFHOOD8VLQJSLORWVFDOHDFWLYDWHG VOXGJHRSHUDWHGDW0&57 G)0 NJ&2'NJ 966GDQGWHPSHUDWXUH WRr&RQPXQLFLSDOZDVWH ZDWHUWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQVZHUHH[DPLQHG

‡ &RPSOHWHO\DHURELFSOXJÁRZ ‡ 3OXJÁRZSUHGHQLWULÀFDWLRQDQDQR[LFVHOHFWRU

IROORZHG E\ D SOXJ ÁRZ DHURELF EDVLQ ZLWK LQWHUQDO UHF\FOH IURP WKH HQG RI WKH DHURELF EDVLQWRWKHDQR[LF]RQH

‡ &RPSOHWHO\DHURELFFRPSOHWHO\PL[HG ‡ &RPSOHWHO\PL[HGLQWHUPLWWHQWO\DHUDWHGQLWUL ÀFDWLRQ²GHQLWULÀFDWLRQ

$OOUHDFWRUVKDGIRDPWUDSSLQJIHDWXUHVLQWKHLUDHUD WLRQEDVLQVDQGVHFRQGDU\FODULÀHUV7KHEHVWVHWWOLQJZDV REWDLQHG IURP V\VWHPV ZLWK SOXJ ÁRZ DHURELF EDVLQV )LJXUH 7KH WZR VOXGJHV FRQWDLQHG YHU\ IHZ 0SDUYLFHOOD ÀODPHQWV 7KH DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH IURP WKH FRPSOHWHO\PL[HGQLWULÀFDWLRQ²GHQLWULÀFDWLRQV\VWHPZLWK &675EDVLQVVKRZHGWKHSRRUHVWVHWWOLQJDQG0SDUYLFH OOD ZDV GRPLQDQW 7KH FRPSOHWHO\ DHURELF FRPSOHWHO\ PL[HG V\VWHP VHWWOHG EHWWHU WKDQ WKH FRPSOHWHO\PL[HG QLWULÀFDWLRQ²GHQLWULÀFDWLRQV\VWHPEXWSRRUHUWKDQWKHV\V WHPVZLWKSOXJÁRZDHUDWLRQEDVLQV

*DEE DQG FRZRUNHUV D E ZRUNHG ZLWK FRQWLQXRXVO\ IHG DQG LQWHUPLWWHQWO\ IHG ODERUDWRU\ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH V\VWHPV ZLWK D UDQJH RI DHURELF DQG

&2'NJ966G DQG WHPSHUDWXUHZDVR&&RPSOHWHO\ DHURELF V\VWHPV GLG QRW EXON DQG GLG QRW VXSSRUW WKH JURZWK RI ORZ )0 ÀODPHQWRXV RUJDQLVPV LQFOXGLQJ 0SDUYLFHOODZKHWKHURUQRWWKH\KDGVHOHFWRUV

&RQWLQXRXVO\ IHG LQWHUPLWWHQWO\ DHUDWHG DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH VLPXODWLQJ DQ R[LGDWLRQ GLWFK W\SH RI DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ KDG KLJK69,V GXH WR SUROLIHUDWLRQ RI7\SH DQG0SDUYLFHOOD7KHLQVWDOODWLRQRIDQDHURELFVHOHFWRU DKHDGRIWKHLQWHUPLWWHQWO\DHUDWHGEDVLQGLGQRWHOLPLQDWH WKHVHÀODPHQWRXVRUJDQLVPV:KHQWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQZDV FRQWLQXRXVO\DHUDWHGLHWKHXQLWVZHUHFRPSOHWHO\DHU RELF EXONLQJ GXH WR7\SH DQG0SDUYLFHOODZDV HOLPLQDWHG

4. Control

7KH JURZWK RI0 SDUYLFHOOD LQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH FDQ EH UHGXFHGE\

‡ 5HGXFLQJ0&57WRDVORZDYDOXHDVSRVVLEOH FRQVLVWHQWZLWKDFKLHYLQJWUHDWPHQWREMHFWLYHV

‡ 3URYLGLQJSOXJÁRZEDVLQVLQERWKDQR[LFDQG DHURELF]RQHV

‡ $YRLGLQJLQWHUPLWWHQWDHUDWLRQRU]RQHVRIORZ '2WRPJ/LQDHURELF]RQHVHVSHFLDOO\ DWWKHSRLQWZKHUHPL[HGOLTXRUIURPDQDQDHU RELFRUDQR[LF]RQHHQWHUVDQDHURELF]RQH

‡ (OLPLQDWLQJIRDPWUDSSLQJIHDWXUHV ‡ $GGQJDSRO\DOXPLQXPFKORULGHEDVHGÁRFFX

ODQW

5HFHQW ZRUN LQ 7KH 1HWKHUODQGV DQG -DSDQ (LNHO ERRP+ZDQJHWDO5RHOVHWDOKDV VKRZQWKDW0SDUYLFHOODEXONLQJDQGIRDPLQJZDVFRQ WUROOHG E\ WKH DGGLWLRQ RI SRO\DOXPLQXP FKORULGH 3$;.HPZDWHU%95R]HQEXUJ7KH1HWKHUODQGV WRWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQ'RVHUDWHVIRUORZ0&57DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH V\VWHPV ZHUH IXQFWLRQV RI 0&57 0&57 3$;GRVHJDV$ONJ0/668VLQJWKLVFULWHULRQDQG DQ H[WHQGHG DHUDWLRQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH V\VWHP ZLWK 0&57 G+57 GDQG0/66 PJ/ZRXOG UHVXOWLQDQDHUDWLRQEDVLQLQÁXHQW3$;GRVHRIDSSUR[ LPDWHO\PJ$O/7KDWDPRXQW LVRQ WKH VDPHRUGHU RIPDJQLWXGHWKDWLVHIIHFWLYHIRUFRQWUROOLQJQRFDUGLRIRUP IRDPLQJZLWKFDWLRQLFSRO\HOHFWURO\WH

5RHOVHWDOUHSRUWWKDWFRQWUROLVDFKLHYHGDIWHU DERXWWRZHHNVRI3$;GRVLQJ,WZDVDOVRUHSRUWHG WKDW3$;DGGLWLRQVHHPVWRDIIHFW0SDUYLFHOODVWDLQ LQJSURSHUWLHV DQGÀODPHQWPRUSKRORJ\ VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW VRPHLQKLELWRU\WR[LFHIIHFWLQDGGLWLRQWRÁRFFXODWLRQPD\ RFFXU 3$; DGGLWLRQ DSSHDUHG WR KDYH QR HIIHFW RQ QRFDUGLRIRUPVRU1OLPLFROD

7KH IROORZLQJ WZRH[DPSOHV LOOXVWUDWHKRZ WKHSUHVHQFH RI DOWHUQDWLQJ DQR[LF DQG DHURELF ]RQHV LQ DQ DHUDWLRQ EDVLQVWLPXODWHVWKHJURZWKRI0SDUYLFHOODDQGKRZWKHLU HOLPLQDWLRQ DQG WKH XVH RI DQ DHURELF VHOHFWRU FRQWUROV 0SDUYLFHOOD

a. Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority (UOSA), VA 7KH 826$ 5HJLRQDO :DWHU 5HFODPDWLRQ 3ODQW LV D 0*' PV IDFLOLW\ XWLOL]LQJ SUHOLPLQDU\ WUHDW PHQW SULPDU\ WUHDWPHQW DQG VLQJOH VOXGJH QLWULÀFDWLRQ ([WHQVLYHSK\VLFDOFKHPLFDOWUHDWPHQWRIWKHQLWULÀHGVHF RQGDU\ HIÁXHQW LV SURYLGHG WR DOORZ GLVFKDUJH RI WKH WUHDWHGHIÁXHQWWRDGULQNLQJZDWHUUHVHUYRLU(IÁXHQWGLV FKDUJH VWDQGDUGV DQG SODQW UHOLDELOLW\ DQG UHGXQGDQF\ UHTXLUHPHQWVDUHH[WUHPHO\VWULQJHQW UHVXOWLQJ LQDFRQ VHUYDWLYHGHVLJQIRUWKHELRORJLFDOWUHDWPHQWIDFLOLWLHVZLWK D UHODWLYHO\ ORQJ K\GUDXOLF UHVLGHQFH WLPH ORZ RUJDQLF ORDGLQJUDWHDQGORZVHFRQGDU\FODULÀHURYHUÁRZUDWH

7KH ELRORJLFDO WUHDWPHQW SODQW ZDV XSJUDGHG DQG H[SDQGHG IURP DQ H[LVWLQJ FRPSOHWHO\ PL[HG DFWLYDWHG VOXGJHV\VWHP WKDWKLVWRULFDOO\H[SHULHQFHGVHYHUHEXONLQJ SUREOHPV ZLWK 69,V DV KLJK DV P/J WKDW UHVWULFWHG WUHDWPHQW FDSDFLW\ 3RRU VHWWOHDELOLW\ UHVXOWHG LQ UHGXFHG 0/66FRQFHQWUDWLRQVUHGXFHG0&57DQGUHGXFHGFDSDFLW\ WRQLWULI\3HULRGLF LGHQWLÀFDWLRQRI WKHÀODPHQWRXVRUJDQ LVPVSUHVHQWLQGLFDWHGWKDW0SDUYLFHOODZDVW\SLFDOO\SUH GRPLQDQW HVSHFLDOO\ GXULQJ FROG ZHDWKHU$ EHQFKVFDOH HYDOXDWLRQ ZDV FRQGXFWHG RI DQ DHURELF VHOHFWRU '2 uPJ/IRUFRUUHFWLRQRIWKHÀODPHQWRXVEXONLQJSUREOHP $IXOOVFDOHDHURELFVHOHFWRUZDVVXEVHTXHQWO\LQFRUSRUDWHG LQWRWKHGHVLJQRIWKHH[SDQGHGDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHV\VWHP

)LJXUHLVDVFKHPDWLFRIWKHH[SDQGHGXSJUDGHG IXOOVFDOH V\VWHP 7KH VHOHFWRU FRQVLVWV RI DQ DHUDWHG FKDQQHOOHQJWKZLGWKUDWLRRIZLWKDK\GUDXOLFUHVL GHQFHWLPHRIPLQEDVHGRQLQÁXHQWÁRZ'\HWHVWLQJ LQGLFDWHG WKDW WKH K\GUDXOLFÁRZ SDWWHUQ LQ WKH VHOHFWRU FRXOG EH DSSUR[LPDWHG DV WKUHH HTXDOVL]HG FRPSOHWHO\ PL[HGWDQNVLQVHULHV)ROORZLQJWKHVHOHFWRUDUHWZRVHWV RIDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHDHUDWLRQEDVLQVLQVHULHV7KHÀUVWVHW FRPSULVHV QHZO\ DGGHG GLIIXVHG DLU EDVLQV UHTXLUHG WR

DFFRPSOLVKWKHSODQWH[SDQVLRQDQGWKHVHFRQGFRPSULVHV WKH H[LVWLQJ FRPSOHWHO\PL[HG EDVLQV XVLQJ VORZ VSHHG VXUIDFHPHFKDQLFDODHUDWRUV7KHYROXPHVRIWKHQHZGLI IXVHG DLU DQG H[LVWLQJ PHFKDQLFDO DHUDWLRQ EDVLQV DUH DSSUR[LPDWHO\WKHVDPH

([FHOOHQWVOXGJHVHWWOLQJDV LQGLFDWHGE\DQDYHUDJH 69, RI P/J ZDV REWDLQHG ZLWK WKH H[SDQGHG DQG XSJUDGHGVHFRQGDU\WUHDWPHQWV\VWHPZKLOHRSHUDWLQJLQ H[FHVVRIGHVLJQRUJDQLFORDGLQJDQGZLWKSHULRGVGXULQJ ZKLFKK\GUDXOLFORDGLQJZDVHTXDOWRWKHPD[LPXPPRQWK GHVLJQYDOXH)LJXUHSUHVHQWV\RIGDWDLOOXVWUDWLQJ WKHLPSDFWRIWKHDHURELFVHOHFWRURQVOXGJHVHWWOHDELOLW\ %HIRUH0DUFKWKHH[LVWLQJFRPSOHWHO\PL[HGEDVLQV XVLQJVXUIDFHPHFKDQLFDODHUDWLRQZHUHLQVHUYLFH6HYHUH VOXGJHEXONLQJDQGVRPHIRDPLQJSUREOHPVZHUHH[SH ULHQFHGUHJXODUO\DQG69,VW\SLFDOO\ZHUHuP/JDQG RQRFFDVLRQDVKLJKDVP/J7KHSUHGRPLQDQWÀOD PHQWZDV0SDUYLFHOOD,Q0DUFKWKHDHURELFVHOHF WRUDQGGLIIXVHGDLUDHUDWLRQEDVLQVZHUHEURXJKWRQOLQH DQG WKHH[LVWLQJPHFKDQLFDOO\DHUDWHGEDVLQVZHUH WDNHQ RII OLQH 7KH DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ K\GUDXOLF UHVLGHQFH WLPH UHPDLQHG DERXW WKH VDPH EHFDXVH WKH YROXPHV RI WKH PHFKDQLFDOO\DHUDWHGDQGGLIIXVHGDLUDHUDWLRQEDVLQVZHUH DERXWWKHVDPH7KHUHVXOWRI WKHFKDQJHLQUHDFWRUFRQ ÀJXUDWLRQZDV D UDSLG GHFUHDVH LQ 69, )LJXUH DV 0SDUYLFHOODZDVHOLPLQDWHGIURPWKHV\VWHP7KH69,VDW 826$KDYHUHPDLQHGORZVLQFHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHVHOHFWRU H[FHSWIRUDEULHISHULRGLQODWHZKHQFRQVWUXFWLRQ UHODWHGSUREOHPVUHVXOWHGLQXQXVXDORSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV

2SHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVZLWKLQWKHVHOHFWRUZHUHFKDUDF WHUL]HGLQ)HEUXDU\'LUHFWPHDVXUHPHQWVLQGLFDWHG VROXEOH%2'UHPRYDOVRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\DQGVROXEOH &2'UHPRYDOVRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKURXJKWKHVHOHF WRU 2[\JHQ UHTXLUHPHQWV H[HUWHG LQ WKH VHOHFWRU ZHUH GHWHUPLQHGE\PHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHR[\JHQXSWDNHUDWHV RI VDPSOHV ZLWKGUDZQ IURP WKH VHOHFWRU DQG GLUHFW FDOFXODWLRQIURPPHDVXUHGDLUÁRZUDWHVXVLQJPHDVXUHG '2FRQFHQWUDWLRQVDQGR[\JHQWUDQVIHUHIÀFLHQFLHVGHWHU PLQHGE\XVLQJDQRIIJDVDQDO\]HU

%RWK WHFKQLTXHV SURGXFHG VLPLODU UHVXOWV DQG LQGL FDWHGDQR[\JHQ UHTXLUHPHQW LQ WKH VHOHFWRURI DSSUR[L PDWHO\ PJ2PJ VROXEOH %2' UHPRYHG 7KH'2 FRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQWKHVHOHFWRUKDYHEHHQPDLQWDLQHGFRQ VLVWHQWO\DERYHPJ/VXJJHVWLQJWKDW'2GRHVQRWOLPLW WKH UDWH RI R[LGDWLRQ RI FDUERQDFHRXVPDWWHU7KLV UHOD WLYHO\ ORZ R[\JHQ UHTXLUHPHQW VXJJHVWV WKDW VWRUDJH UDWKHUWKDQR[LGDWLRQLVWKHSUHGRPLQDQWIDWHRIUHPRYHG VROXEOH RUJDQLFPDWWHU LQ WKH VHOHFWRU 7KH )0 IRU WKH HQWLUH VHOHFWRU ZDV NJ %2'NJ0/66G ZKLOH WKH )0L IRU WKH ÀUVW VHOHFWRU FRPSDUWPHQW ZDV NJ %2'NJ0/66G

%HFDXVH WZR FKDQJHV ZHUH PDGH ZKHQ WKH 826$ SODQWZDVXSJUDGHG³LQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHDHURELFVHOHFWRU DQGDGGLWLRQRIDGLIIXVHGDLUDHUDWLRQEDVLQXSVWUHDPRI WKH H[LVWLQJPHFKDQLFDOO\DHUDWHG DHUDWLRQEDVLQ³ LW LV QRWSRVVLEOHWRGHWHUPLQHWKHUHODWLYHFRQWULEXWLRQVRIHDFK PRGLÀFDWLRQWRLPSURYLQJWKHVOXGJHVHWWOLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQGFRQWUROOLQJ0SDUYLFHOOD+RZHYHUWKHVHREVHUYDWLRQV DUH FRQVLVWHQWZLWK WKHÀQGLQJVRI0DPDLV HWDO DQG *DEE HWDO DE WKDW0 SDUYLFHOOD JURZWKLVFRQWUROOHGE\FRPSOHWHO\DHURELFVHOHFWRUVDQG DHUDWLRQEDVLQVEXWQRWE\DHUDWLRQEDVLQVWKDWFRQWDLQORZ '2]RQHV7KHIROORZLQJFDVHVWXG\SURYLGHVDGGLWLRQDO LQVLJKW

b. Northside Wastewater Treatment Plant, Tulsa, OK

7KLVSODQWSURYLGHVSUHOLPLQDU\WUHDWPHQWSULPDU\WUHDW PHQW DQG VHFRQGDU\ WUHDWPHQW XVLQJ WKH FRPSOHWHPL[ DLUDFWLYDWHGVOXGJHSURFHVVZLWKPHFKDQLFDOVXUIDFHDHU DWRUV ,QLWLDOO\ WKHSODQWSURYLGHG0*'PVRI FDSDFLW\XVLQJWZRDHUDWLRQEDVLQV1LWULÀFDWLRQRFFXUUHG SHULRGLFDOO\EXWWKHFDSDELOLW\WRDFKLHYHFRQVLVWHQWQLWUL ÀFDWLRQZDVOLPLWHGE\FKURQLFÀODPHQWRXVEXONLQJSURE OHPVZLWK69,YDOXHVDVKLJKDVP/JIRUSHULRGVRI VHYHUDO FRQVHFXWLYH ZHHNV0 SDUYLFHOOD ZDV RIWHQ WKH SUHGRPLQDQWÀODPHQWRXVPLFURRUJDQLVPFDXVLQJEXONLQJ GXULQJFROGZHDWKHU

([SDQVLRQ RI WKH SODQW UHTXLUHG UHOLDEOH FRQVLVWHQW \HDUURXQG QLWULÀFDWLRQ 7ZR DGGLWLRQDO DHUDWLRQ EDVLQV ZLWK HVVHQWLDOO\ WKH VDPH FRQÀJXUDWLRQV DV WKH H[LVWLQJ EDVLQV ZHUH WR EH SURYLGHG 7R DGGUHVV WKH SHUVLVWHQW VOXGJH EXONLQJ SUREOHPV DQ DHURELF VHOHFWRUZDV WR EH SURYLGHGDORQJZLWKWKHWZRQHZDHUDWLRQEDVLQV7KHQHZ EDVLQV ZHUH VTXDUH DQG HTXLSSHGZLWK QLQH VORZ VSHHG PHFKDQLFDOVXUIDFHDHUDWRUVDQGLQÁXHQWSLSLQJQHWZRUNV WKDW GLVWULEXWHG WKH LQÁXHQW WKURXJKRXW WKH EDVLQV (DFK EDVLQ KDG DQ DHURELF VHOHFWRU FRQVLVWLQJ RI D WZRSDVV FKDQQHO ZLWK D OHQJWKZLGWK UDWLR RI WKDW UHFHLYHG SULPDU\ HIÁXHQW DQG 5$6 )LJXUH 7KH VHOHFWRU +57EDVHGRQDGHVLJQÁRZRI0*'PVSHU EDVLQZDVPLQWKH+57LQWKHDHUDWLRQEDVLQZDVK

7KHQHZDHUDWLRQEDVLQVZHUHVWDUWHGXSLQ-DQXDU\ DQGDIWHUDPRDFFOLPDWLRQSHULRGWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIDQ DHUDWLRQEDVLQZLWKDQDHURELFVHOHFWRUZDVFRPSDUHGWRWKH SHUIRUPDQFHRIDQH[LVWLQJDHUDWLRQEDVLQZLWKQRVHOHFWRU &RQWUDU\ WR WKHH[SHULHQFHDW826$ WKHDHURELFVHOHFWRU V\VWHPVHWWOLQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVZHUHQREHWWHUWKDQWKRVHLQ WKHV\VWHPZLWKRXWDQDHURELFVHOHFWRURYHUDQPRSHULRG ZKHQWKHWZRV\VWHPVZHUHRSHUDWHGZLWKWKHVDPHSURFHVV ORDGLQJVDQGRSHUDWLQJSDUDPHWHUV0SDUYLFHOODZDV WKH SUHGRPLQDQWÀODPHQWRXVRUJDQLVPFDXVLQJEXONLQJ

,Q WKH DHURELF VHOHFWRU V\VWHP WKH 69, DYHUDJHG P/J,QWKH826$DHURELFVHOHFWRUV\VWHPWKHDYHU DJH69,ZDVP/J7KHRYHUDOO)0LQWKH1RUWKVLGH VHOHFWRUZDVNJ%2'NJ0/66G€VRPHZKDWORZHU WKDQWKHYDOXHRINJ%2'NJ0/66GDW826$7KH YHU\ KLJK OHQJWKZLGWK UDWLR RI WKH 1RUWKVLGH VHOHFWRU PDNHVLWOLNHO\WKDWLWVLQLWLDOFRQWDFW]RQH)0LVFRPSD UDEOH WR RU JUHDWHU WKDQ WKDW DW 826$ 7KH 1RUWKVLGH VHOHFWRU UHPRYHG WKH VDPH IUDFWLRQ RI VROXEOH %2' DVWKH826$VHOHFWRUDOWKRXJKR[\JHQXSWDNHDQG DLUÁRZUDWHGDWDVXJJHVWHGWKDWPRUHRIWKHVROXEOH%2' ZDVR[LGL]HGUDWKHUWKDQVWRUHG

$FRPSDULVRQRI826$DQGWKH7XOVD1RUWKVLGHDHU RELFVHOHFWRUSHUIRUPDQFHVVXJJHVWVWKDWDQDHURELFVHOHF WRU DORQH LV QRW FDSDEOH RI FRQWUROOLQJ VOXGJH EXONLQJ FDXVHG E\0SDUYLFHOOD 7KH FRQÀJXUDWLRQ RI WKHPDLQ DHUDWLRQ EDVLQ DOVR VHHPV WR DIIHFW WKH RFFXUUHQFH RI 0SDUYLFHOOD$PDLQDHUDWLRQEDVLQZLWKXQLIRUPDHUD WLRQ VXFKDV DÁRRUFRYHUHGZLWKÀQHEXEEOHGLIIXVHUV VHHPVWRSURYLGHJUHDWHUFRQWURORI0SDUYLFHOODJURZWK WKDQDEDVLQZLWKSRLQW VRXUFHDHUDWLRQGHYLFHV VXFKDV PHFKDQLFDOVXUIDFHDHUDWRUV

9DULRXVDVSHFWVRIDQDHURELFGLJHVWHUIRDPLQJFDXVHGE\ QRFDUGLRIRUPRUJDQLVPVKDYHEHHQGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVFKDS WHU,QVXPPDU\

‡ $QDHURELF GLJHVWHU IRDPLQJ SUREOHPV GXH WR QRFDUGLRIRUPV DQG0 SDUYLFHOOD RULJLQDWH LQ DHUDWLRQEDVLQVZKHUHWKHVHRUJDQLVPVJURZ 7KH IRDPFDXVLQJ PLFURRUJDQLVPV DUH LQWUR GXFHGLQWRWKHDQDHURELFGLJHVWHULQWKH:$6

‡ )RDPLQJ GXH WR WKHVH ÀODPHQWRXV RUJDQLVPV FDQ RFFXU LQ DQDHURELF GLJHVWHUV EHIRUH QXL VDQFHIRDPVDSSHDURQDHUDWLRQEDVLQVEHFDXVH WKHÀODPHQWRXVRUJDQLVPFRQFHQWUDWLRQSHUXQLW YROXPHFDQEHKLJKHULQDQDQDHURELFGLJHVWHU WKDQLQWKHPL[HGOLTXRUEHFDXVHWKH66FRQWHQW RI WKH:$6 IHG WR WKH GLJHVWHU LV KLJKHU WKDQ WKH0/66HVSHFLDOO\VLQFH WKH:$6IHHGKDV XVXDOO\EHHQWKLFNHQHG

‡ 6HULRXVRSHUDWLQJDQGHTXLSPHQWSUREOHPVFDQ EHFDXVHGE\QRFDUGLRIRUPIRDPLQJLQDQDHUR ELFGLJHVWHUV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVRI OLTXLGSKDVHSHUFHQW WRWDO VROLGV DQG WHPSHUD WXUH SURÀOHV RI WKH FRQWHQWV RI DQ DQDHURELF GLJHVWHUDWWKH6DQ)UDQFLVFR6RXWK(DVWSODQW

1RWHWKHODUJHIUDFWLRQRIGLJHVWHUYROXPHRFFX SLHGE\QRFDUGLRIRUPLQGXFHGIRDPLQYHUVLRQ RI76FRQFHQWUDWLRQVKLJKHURQWKHWRSWKDQRQ WKH ERWWRP RI WKH GLJHVWHU DQG WHPSHUDWXUH GHFUHDVHRIWKHOLTXLGLQWKHIRDPOD\HUV

‡ 1RFDUGLRIRUPV DQG 0 SDUYLFHOOD ERWK ORVH WKHLU *UDPSRVLWLYH VWDLQLQJ SURSHUWLHV DQG WKHLU 1HLVVHUSRVLWLYH JUDQXOHV GXULQJ DQDHUR ELFGLJHVWLRQ1RFDUGLRIRUPÀODPHQWVIUDJPHQW DQG WKH ORQJ FRLOHG 0 SDUYLFHOOD ÀODPHQWV EUHDNLQWRVKRUWHUWKLFNHUÀODPHQWV*HQHUDOO\ WKHVHFKDQJHVPDNHLWPRUHGLIÀFXOWWRPLFUR VFRSLFDOO\ UHFRJQL]H QRFDUGLRIRUPV DQG 0SDUYLFHOOD LQ DQDHURELF GLJHVWHUV WKDQ LQ DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH )RU WKLV UHDVRQ +HUQDQGH] HWDO GHYHORSHG DQ LPPXQRÁXRUHVFHQW DQWLERG\ VWDLQLQJ PHWKRG IRU* DPDUDH WKDW PDGH LW SRVVLEOH WR FRXQW WKHVH RUJDQLVPV LQ DQDHURELFDOO\ GLJHVWLQJ VOXGJH 8VLQJ WKLV PHWKRG DQG D GHK\GURJHQDVH HQ]\PHPHWKRG IRUYLDELOLW\GHWHUPLQDWLRQ+HUQDQGH]DQG-HQ NLQVVKRZHGWKDWWKHYLDELOLW\RI*DPD UDH GHFUHDVHG RQO\ YHU\ VORZO\ GXULQJ DQDHURELFGLJHVWLRQGHFD\UDWH G7KXV UHF\FOHVWUHDPVIURPGLJHVWHGVOXGJHSURFHVV LQJ HJ FHQWUDWH ÀOWUDWH DQG VXSHUQDWDQW FRXOG VHHG WKH DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH SODQW ZLWK QRFDUGLRIRUPV 7KH IRDPLQJ SURSHUWLHV GHFUHDVHGHYHQPRUHVORZO\ WKDQ WKHYLDELOLW\ GXULQJDQDHURELFGLJHVWLRQVXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKH WHQGHQF\ WR IRDP LV UHWDLQHG E\ QRQYLDEOH *DPDUDHFHOOVRUFHOOZDOOV

‡ 7KH DPRXQW RI IRDP SURGXFHG E\ QRFDUGLR IRUPV LQ DQDHURELF GLJHVWHUV LV JUHDWO\ LQÁX HQFHG E\ GLJHVWHU PL[LQJ PHWKRGV DQG JHRPHWU\7KHSURGXFWLRQRI&2DQG&+E\

WKHGLJHVWLRQSURFHVVFDQSURGXFHIRDPZLWKRXW PL[LQJ7KLVLVPRVWHYLGHQWLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHU IHHGLQJWKHGLJHVWHUZKHQJDVSURGXFWLRQXVX DOO\LQFUHDVHV)LJXUHVKRZVWKDWÀQHEXE EOHJDVPL[LQJGHYLFHVXQFRQÀQHGJDVPL[HUV JDVODQFHVHWFSURGXFHWKHJUHDWHVWDPRXQWRI IRDP FRDUVH EXEEOH W\SHV RIPL[HUV SURGXFH OHVV IRDP H[WHUQDO PHFKDQLFDO PL[HUV DQG SXPS PL[LQJ KDYH WKH OHDVW IRDPSURGXFLQJ SRWHQWLDO%HFDXVHWKH\KDYHPXFKVPDOOHUWRS OLTXLG VXUIDFHV HJJVKDSHG GLJHVWHUV WHQG WR DOORZ VPDOOHU DFFXPXODWLRQV RI IRDP WKDQ F\OLQGULFDOGLJHVWHUV

‡ 7KHEHVWPHWKRGIRUFRQWUROOLQJQRFDUGLRIRUP RU0SDUYLFHOODIRDPLQJLQDQDHURELFGLJHVWHUV LVWRHOLPLQDWHFDXVDWLYHÀODPHQWRXVRUJDQLVPV IURP WKH DFWLYDWHG VOXGJH V\VWHP VR WKDW WKH\ QHYHUUHDFKWKHDQDHURELFGLJHVWHUV7KHXVHRI PHFKDQLFDOPL[LQJ H[WHUQDO SXPSPL[LQJ RU FRDUVH EXEEOH PL[LQJ UDWKHU WKDQ ÀQH EXEEOH PL[LQJZLOOUHGXFHIRDPLQJSRWHQWLDO:HVWOXQG HWDODEIRXQGWKDWDPL[HU SODFHG LQ WKH JDV VSDFH DERYH WKH GLJHVWLQJ VOXGJH FDQ EH XVHG WR FROODSVH IRDP0L[HUV WKDWVSUD\VOXGJHRQWRWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHGLJHVW LQJVOXGJHFDQKHOSFROODSVHIRDP