ABSTRACT
Piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuators are classified into three categories, based on the type of driving voltage applied to the device and the nature of the strain induced by the applied voltage: (1) servo displacement transducers, (2) pulse drive devices operated in a simple on/off switching mode, and (3) ultrasonic resonant devices. The fields of application of the ceramic actuators are also classified into three categories: (1) positioning, (2) motor application, and (3) vibration suppression.
