ABSTRACT
Abortion 166 Access to courts 277-78,
290-96 Access to information 90, 93 Access to legal advice
admissions 221 breach of
statutory duty 232, 244 confessions 221, 237 delay 226-27, 231 duty solicitors 219-23, 226 European Convention
on Human Rights 213, 221, 229-30
mentally disordered persons 227-29
oppression 234 PACE Codes
of Practice 204, 206-07, 11-12, 220-22, 227-28, 231-36, 264
prisoners’ rights 276, 287 right to silence 213, 221-22,
228-29, 237 suspects,
alerting other 226 tape recording 241-42
Account of profits 13 Accountability
of ministers 71 Administrative
removal 304-05 Admissions 206,
212-13, 219, 221, 223, 228-29
See, also, Confessions
Adverse inferences 205, 221 Age of consent 170, 345-47 Airspace,
trespass into 190 Annan Committee 6, 18 Appeals
asylum seekers 313, 316-17, 320, 322
deportation 316-17, 324-28
prisoners’ rights 300 Appropriate adult 227, 230 Armed forces 170, 344 Arrest
arrestable offences 200-01, 210, 216, 226-27, 249, 253-54
assault 210-11, 255, 268 breach of
the peace 123, 249, 268 burglary 209-10 cautions 268 common law 248, 256, 268 conditions 210-11, 217,
240, 249-50, 254, 263, 269
detention 198-201, 206, 216, 256
discretion 252-53 drug offences 201, 226 European Convention
on Human Rights 256-57 false
imprisonment 212, 228, 232, 243, 249,
252, 256, 280 freedom
of assembly 123, 136-37
Human Rights Act 1998 257
informed of, right to have someone 205
lawfulness of 199-200, 210-12, 216, 228, 256-57
PACE Codes of Practice 198-200, 216,
248-58, 266-71 police interviews 205-06,
217 powers of entry 176-77,
240 reasonable grounds
for suspicion 200, 205-06, 209-10, 216-17, 226, 240, 249-53, 256-57
reasons 211, 254-55 searches 176-77, 200,
211, 217, 226, 268, 270
seizure 211 serious arrestable
offences 206, 226, 249 stop and search 268 terrorism 253-54, 256 use of force 211 warrants 253, 269
without 249, 256, 269 Wednesbury
unreasonableness 252 wounding 215
Artistic expression 15, 63 Assault
arrest 210-12, 255, 268
police 210-12, 255, 268
prisoners’ rights 292 Assembly
See Freedom of assembly
Association See Freedom
of association Asylum seekers
appeals 313, 316-17, 320,
deportation 312-13, 322 definition 329 discrimination 330 Dublin
Convention 1990 318, 328
EC law 331 European Convention
on Human Rights 313, 316, 320-21, 328
family life, right to respect for 303, 321, 331
freedom of movement 321, 331
Geneva Convention 1961 310-17,
319-20, 329, 331
High Commissioner for Refugees 312
Human Rights Act 1998 315, 320-21, 331-32
inhuman and degrading treatment 315, 321, 331
illegality 312 Immigration Rules 311-12 irrationality 312 medical treatment 332 national security 312 persecution,
risk of 311, 313-17, 320-21
political 312, 317-21, 328-32
private life, right to respect for 321, 331
social groups, particular 318-19,
329-30 terrorism 312 third
countries, safe 312, 320-21, 328
torture 315-16, 320-21, 331
Wednesbury unreasonableness 313
Australia 57-58 Autonomy
medical treatment 166-67 privacy 165, 167-69 United States 165
Bans
freedom of assembly 120-21
trade unions 143-45 Bias
judiciary 50-51 prisoners’ rights 290 scandalising
the court 50-51
television 17 Bill of Rights 351-73 Blasphemy
abolition 35 discrimination 38 European Convention
on Human Rights 37-40 European Court
of Human Rights 16 extension of 38-39 freedom
of expression 15-16, 33-40
incitement to racial hatred 39-40
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 39
Law Commission 37-38 libel 36, 37 reform 35-40 religion, definition of 38 strict liability 36
Board of Visitors 275-77, 284-88, 297-300
Bodily privacy 163-70, 170 Bolam test 166 Breach of confidence
See Confidentiality Breach of
statutory duty 232, 244 Breach of the peace
arrest 123, 249, 268 definition 249 freedom
of assembly 123 Broadcasting
See, also, Television
Broadcasting Complaints Commission 158
Broadcasting Standards Council 6
code of guidance 6 complaints 6 DA Notices 75 freedom
of association 5-6 Human Rights
Act 1998 162, 353 Independent
Broadcasting Authority 5
official secrets 75 privacy 158 public interest 8
Buggery 168, 345-46 Burglary 209-10 Calcutt Committee 158-61 Canada
freedom of information 92-93
official secrets 76, 79, 80, 88
privacy 175 security services 175
Cautions 203, 218, 268 Censorship
correspondence 293-95 freedom
of expression 6-7 official secrets 79 prisoners’ rights 295 television 6-7
Cinema See Films
Circumcision 166 Closed shops 142 Codes of practice
See, also, PACE Codes of Practice
access to Government information 90
Broadcasting Standards Council 6
fines 17-18 freedom
of information 86, 90, 93, 95
Independent Television Commission 6-7, 17-18
official secrets 77 political expression 6-7 press 157-58 prisoners’ rights 299-300
Commission for Racial Equality 337-43
Compensation 335-38 See, also, Damages
Confessions access to
legal advice 221-22, 236-37
contempt 18, 21-33 detention 242-43 exclusion of 198-207, 215,
219, 244-45 mentally disordered
persons 223-30, 238 miscarriages
of justice 258, 259
oppression 201, 218-19, 234, 245
PACE Codes of Practice 198-207, 215,
223-30, 234-35, 244-45
police interviews 236-37, 258-59, 265
reliability test 234-35 tape recording 218, 236
Confidentiality contempt 27, 30, 102 correspondence 293-95 criminal offences 97 disclosure 97-98 European Convention
on Human Rights 99-100, 103, 155
freedom of expression 28-30, 100,
103, 155 freedom
of information 96-105 Human Rights
Act 1998 194-95, 355, 359
injunctions 30, 75, 96-105 interception
of communications 99 limits to 103 media 102, 151-52 national security 75, 100,
103 official secrets 28-29,
73-75, 88-90, 96-105
prisoners’ rights 295 privacy 16-17,
148-55, 158, 182-83, 191
proportionality 101 public domain,
information in 30, 89, 103
public interest 97-105, 152-54, 355
remedies 104 reputation 151 security services 13, 103 trade secrets 184, 193 trust, relationship of 152-53 whistleblowing 104 Younger Committee 149
Contempt active proceedings 20, 41, 42 administration
of justice 27, 30, 41, 43, 47, 52-58
Australia 57-58 balancing the interests
52-58 common law 22-27, 31-32,
41, 43-46, 56-58 confessions 18, 20, 22 confidentiality 27, 30, 102 criminal offences 30 discussions 54-55 European Convention
on Human Rights 52, 56 European Court of
Human Rights 44, 55 freedom
of expression 18-27, 31-32, 39-58
good faith 56-57
Human Rights Act 1998 23, 26,
57, 353 indecency 27 media 30-31, 58 mens rea 56 official secrets 74, 91 particular proceedings,
effect on 20, 47 prejudice 20-26, 41-47,
52-57, 102 public interest 22, 31, 45,
53-55, 57 recklessness 42 scandalising
the court 26-27, 47-51 strict liability 20, 27, 48,55 sub judice period 53-54 United States 55-56
Corporal punishment 165 Correspondence
censorship 293-95 confidentiality 295 European Convention
on Human Rights 294 Human Rights
Act 1998 295 privacy 278-79, 293-94 prisoners’ rights 278-79,
293-95 legal
representatives, with 293-94 screening of 293-94
Criminal offences See, also, Sexual
offences contempt 30 deportation 305-06 discrimination 345-47
freedom of assembly 107-17,
123-24, 128-30, 135-37
official secrets 71, 76-77, 80-81, 83, 87,
89, 93, 96-97 press 161-62 prisoners’ rights 288-89 privacy 168 sexual orientation 170,
345-47, 347 DA Notices 75-76,
78-79 Damages
discrimination 335 false imprisonment 252 negligence 281 PACE Codes
of Practice 232, 243 prisoners’ rights 281 seizure 243
Data protection 94 Declarations
of incompatibility 354, 364, 369
Defamation freedom
of expression 15 justification 183 local authorities 15 privacy 182-83, 188,
191-92 reputation 183
Demonstrations 107-18, 125-38, 352-53
Deportation aggravating
circumstances 306
appeals 316-17, 324-28
asylum seekers 312-13, 322-28
challenging 323-24 criminal offences 305-06 discrimination 305 European Convention
on Human Rights 305-08, 328, 332
extradition 307 family life,
right to respect for 327 freedom
of movement 304-10, 322-28
Geneva Convention 325-26 guidance 304 habeas corpus 323 Human Rights
Act 1998 304, 323-24, 327
illegal entrants 304 marriages
of convenience 308 national security 304, 309
323-24 private life,
right to respect for 327 proportionality 306, 308 public authorities 327-28 public good,
conducive to 306-09, 323 reasons for 322-23 right of abode 322-23 Wednesbury
unreasonableness 323
Deprave and corrupt 4, 5, 59, 63, 66
Detention See, also, Prisoners’
rights arrest 198-200,
206, 216, 256 clothes, removal of 164-65 confessions 242-43 consent 226 judicial review 323-24 lawfulness of 199-200,
216, 226, 232 mentally
disordered persons 227 PACE Codes
of Practice 198-200 police interviews 241-42 privacy 164-65 time limits 243
Disciplinary proceedings PACE Codes
of Practice 233, 244 prisoners’ rights 275-77,
281, 296-97, 299 Discrimination 333-49
armed forces 344 asylum seekers 330 blasphemy 37-38 Commission for
Racial Equality 337-43 compensation 335-38 criminal offences 345-47 damages 336-38 declarations 334, 342 deportation 305 direct 335, 345, 348 dismissal 344
EC law 334-35, 342 education 345 employee protection 339-43 Equal Opportunities
Commission 339-43 equal pay 334-35,
337-38 European Convention
on Human Rights 37-38, 338
indirect 335, 345, 348 investigations 340-41 judicial review 340 legal aid 337 national security 345 non-discrimination
notices 340, 343 part time employment 340-41 positive 335 procedure 336-37 racial 335-43 recommendations 334, 336 recruitment 339 religion 33 remedies 333-38 sex 333-43,
348-49 sexual orientation 170,
343-49 tribunals 344
Dismissal 142, 344 Drug offences
arrest 199-200, 226-27
reasonable suspicion 207, 225
searches 199-200, 205, 207, 225,
227-28
seizure 227-28 stop and search 199-200,
205, 225 Dublin Convention 1990 318,
322 Duty solicitors 219-23, 226 EC law
asylum seekers 331 discrimination 334-35, 342 sexual orientation 347, 349
Education 345 Employment
See, also, Trade unions discrimination 339-43 dismissal 142-44 interception
of communications 195 part time 340-41 privacy 195 sexual orientation 343-49
Entrapment 348 Entry
See Powers of entry Environmental
freedom of information 94 Equal Opportunities
Commission 339-43 Equal pay 334-35,
337-38 European Convention
on Human Rights See, also, European Court
of Human Rights, Human Rights Act 1998
access to courts 290-96 access to legal advice 213,
221, 229-30
armed forces 345 arrest 256-57 asylum seekers 313, 316,
320-21, 328 blasphemy 36-38 confidentiality 99-100,
103, 155 contempt 44, 52, 56 corporal punishment 165 correspondence 294 declarations
of incompatibility 354, 364, 369
defects in 371-72 deportation 297-300
319-24 discrimination 37-38, 338 evidence 203, 219 fair hearings 275 fair trials 220-21,
276, 278 family life, right to 196,
321, 331, 366 freedom of assembly 108,
115, 122, 124-25, 136-37
freedom of association 138-46
freedom of expression 7, 10, 16, 32-34, 74-75, 99, 100, 103, 109, 155
freedom of information 84-91
inhuman and degrading treatment 274
injunctions 100-01 interception
of communications 85-87, 167-68, 173-74
interpretation 369 judiciary 27, 28 living instrument, as 369 margin
of appreciation 36, 66, 67, 144, 358, 359, 365
national security 10 obscene publications 65-67 official secrets 29, 74,
89-90 PACE Codes
of Conduct 247-48 police complaints 233, 244 police interviews 260-61,
265 press 156, 163 prisoners’ rights 273-83,
290-96 privacy 173, 186, 188, 182,
196, 290-96, 321, 331-32, 364-65
public authorities 364-66 restrictions 359-60 right to silence 260 scandalising
the court 49 security services 86 sexual orientation 167-70,
344-47 successes of 372 trade unions 141-42 transsexuals 170
European Court of Human Rights
access to legal advice 204 blasphemy 16 contempt 55
delay 368 Eleventh Protocol 368 freedom of assembly 115 freedom of expression 8 morality 8 official secrets 74 privacy 188
Evidence admissions 212-13,
228-29 European Convention
on Human Rights 203, 209
fair trials 219 hearsay 286 PACE Codes
of Practice 203, 245-46 prisoners’ rights 299 witnesses 276, 285-86, 288
Expression See Freedom
of expression Extradition 307 Fair hearings 273-74,
286-87, 290 Fair trials 219, 236,
275-76 282-84, 289-91
False imprisonment 212, 228, 232, 243, 249, 252, 256, 280
Family life, right to respect for asylum seekers 321, 331 deportation 327 European Convention
on Human Rights 196, 321, 333, 366
Human Rights Act 1998 366
privacy 196 Films
classification of 5-6, 16 freedom of expression 2-9,
16 licensing 8
Forfeiture 64-65 Freedom of assembly
advance notice 107-08, 119, 126-27 arrest 123, 136-37 bans 120-21 breach of the peace 123 conditions 107-17, 119-24, 132-33 criminal offences 107-17, 123-24, 128-30, 135-37 demonstrations 107-17, 125-38, 352-53 European Convention
on Human Rights 107-17, 119-24, 132-33
harassment, distress or alarm 115, 124, 135-36
Human Rights Act 1998 115, 123, 137, 353
incitement 131 intimidation 114, 133-38 meetings,
prohibitions on 115 mens rea 115, 123, 135
obstruction 112, 128-31, 137
organisers 127-28, 130-31 police 107-38 prior restraints 117-20 proportionality 116 public interest 117-25 public nuisance 112-13 public order 107, 117-25 reasonableness 115, 120,
124, 127-28, 138
serious disruption to the life of the community 123-24,
135-36 threatening, abusive
or insulting words or behaviour 114-17, 123-24, 135-36
tortious liability 125-32 trespassory assemblies
121-22, 129, 134 violence, apprehending
116-17, 135-36 Freedom of association 138-46
closed shops 142 European Convention
on Human Rights 138-46 GCHQ 143-45 International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 143
join groups, right not to 141-43
military organisations 139-40
national security 144
proportionality 145 proscribed
organisations 139-41 quasi-military
organisations 139-40 terrorism 139-41 trade unions 141-45 uniforms 141-42
Freedom of expression 1-68 Annan Committee 6, 18 artistic expression 15 balancing
of interests 2-18, 28-29, 53-59
blasphemy 15-16, 33-40 broadcasting 2-9 Broadcasting
Standards Commission 6
Broadcasting Standards Council 6
censorship 6-7 common law 33-34, 67 confidentiality 28-30, 100,
103, 155 contempt 18-27, 31-32,
39-58 criminal law 16 defamation 15 demonstrations 118 deprave and corrupt 4-5 European Convention
on Human Rights 7, 10, 16, 32-34, 74-75, 100, 103, 109, 155
European Court of Human Rights 8, 10
films 2-9, 16
fines 17-18 freedom
of information 69, 105 Human Rights
Act 1998 3, 9-10, 16-17, 22, 33-34, 57-58, 195, 355, 363, 367
Independent Television Commission 5-8, 17-18
injunctions 34 journalistic expression 8, 16 judiciary, role of 27-34 legislation concerning 2-9 local authorities 15 morality
4, 8, 15, 59-68
national security 10-17 obscene publications 2-9,
59-68 official secrets
10-17, 74-75
political expression 6-7, 10 prejudice 46 press 155, 158, 162 privacy 1, 16, 195 public interest 8, 34 publications 4-5 restrictions on 2-18 scandalising the court
48-52 taste and decency 2-9 television 3-7, 17-18 Williams Committee 5, 9
Freedom of information See, also, Official secrets Canada 92-93 codes of practice 85, 89, 94 confidentiality 96-105 data protection 93 environment 93-94 European Convention
on Human Rights 84-91 exemptions 78, 92-93 freedom
of expression 69-105 government
legislation, effect on 92-96 open 84-91
Human Rights Act 1998 365
interception of communications 73, 85-88, 93
open government 84-91 prejudice 78 privacy 149-50 public authorities 78, 90 public interest 94, 96 public records 76 security services 94-95 United States 79, 92-93 usefulness 77, 95
Freedom of movement 330-32 administrative
removal 304-05 asylum 303, 321, 331 deportation 304-10,
322-28 immigration 303 terrorism 303
GCHQ 143-45 Gender re-assignment 170 Geneva
Convention 1961 310-17, 319-20, 325-26, 329, 331
Habeas corpus 323 Harassment
course of conduct 162 freedom
of assembly 115, 124, 135-36
nuisance 181-82, 190-91 press 157, 160-61 privacy 181-82, 190-91 stalking 162, 191
Hearsay 286 Homosexuality
See Sexual orientation Human Rights Act 1998
See, also, European Convention on Human Rights
arrest 257 asylum seekers 331-32 Bill of Rights, as 351-73 broadcasting 162, 353 confidentiality 194-95,
355, 359 contempt 23, 26,
57, 353 corporal punishment 165 correspondence 295 declarations
of incompatibility 3 deportation 304,
323-24, 327
family life, right to respect for 366
freedom of assembly 115, 122, 137, 363
freedom of expression 3, 9-10, 16-17, 22, 33-34, 57-58, 195, 355, 363, 367
freedom of information 365
guarantee of human rights, as 352-56
interception of communications 177, 366
interpretation 366 judiciary 351,
354-55, 369 marches 352-53 national security 16-17,
358-59, 362 obscene publications 66 official secrets 29, 74,
90, 353 PACE Codes
of Practice 237, 246-47, 270-71
peaceful enjoyment of the land 366
photographs 185, 193-94 police complaints 233, 244 police interviews 265 Press Complaints
Commission 162 prisoners’ rights 279, 281,
292, 295 privacy 10, 147, 179,
187-90, 355, 365-66
private life, right to respect for 365-66
proportionality 358 public authorities 162, 364 remedies 354, 369 sexual orientation 349 substantive UK law,
changes in 363-66 trade unions 359 Younger Committee 365-66
Identification by video 247 Illegal entrants 305 Immigration
See, also, Asylum seekers freedom of movement 304 Immigration Rules 311-12
Impartiality See Bias
Incitement blasphemy 38-39 freedom
of assembly 131 racial hatred, to 38-39
Indecency 27, 31-32, 63 Independent
Broadcasting Authority 5 Independent
Television Commission 5-7, 17
Information See Freedom
of information Inhuman and
degrading treatment 278-79, 315, 321, 331
Injunctions balance
of convenience 17 confidentiality 30, 75,
96-105 European Convention
on Human Rights 100-01 freedom
of expression 34 gagging 101 malicious falsehood 183-84 official secrets 17-18,
28-29, 73-74, 76, 89-91, 96-105
privacy 17-18, 183-86 proportionality 101
Interception of communications See, also, Telephone
tapping censorship 167 complaints 167-68 confidentiality 99 employment 182 European Convention
on Human Rights 85-87, 67-68, 173-74
freedom of information 85-86, 93
Human Rights Act 1998 177-78, 366
national security 172 nuisance 181, 190 official secrets 73 police 177 political
purposes, for 86
privacy 85, 89-91, 96-105, 171-74, 180, 189, 195
proportionality 172 security services 174-76 warrants 86, 88, 172, 177 Younger Committee 180
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 38, 143
Intimidation 112, 133-38 Journalists 8, 16, 187 Judges’ Rules 259 Judicial review
deportation 323-24 discrimination 340 natural justice 275, 293 prisoners’ rights 275, 276,
293 Judiciary
bias 50-51 European Convention
on Human Rights 27, 28 freedom of expression
27-34 Human Rights
Act 1998 351, 354-55, 369
scandalising the court 26-27, 47-51
Lawyers
See Access to legal advice, Legal representation
Legal advice See Access to
legal advice
Legal professional privilege 278, 293
Legal representation correspondence with
287-88 prisoners’ rights 276, 278,
287, 293, 296-97, 299
Libel 35, 37 Local authorities 15 Malicious falsehood 16-17,
183-84 Marriages of
convenience 308 Media
See, also, Broadcasting, Films, Press, Television
confidentiality 102, 151-52 contempt 30-31, 58 journalists 8, 16, 187
Medical treatment asylum seekers 332 autonomy 166 Bolam test 166 negligence 166 privacy 166, 170 self-determination 166 warnings of risks 166
Mentally disabilities access to legal advice
227-29 appropriate adult 227, 230 confessions 223-30, 238 detention 227 PACE Codes
of Practice 223-30 police interviews 227
right to silence 229 searches 225
Military organisations 139-40 Ministerial accountability 71 Miscarriages of justice 258-66 Misfeasance
in public office 280 Morality
European Court of Human Rights 8
freedom of expression 4, 8, 59-68
obscene publications 4, 59-68
sexual orientation 170 sexual privacy 169
Movement See Freedom
of movement National security
See, also, Official secrets, Security services
asylum seekers 362 confidentiality 75, 100, 103 deportation 304, 309,
323-24 discrimination 345 freedom
of association 144 freedom
of expression 10-15 GCHQ 144 Human Rights
Act 1998 16-17, 358-59, 362
interception of communications 172
privacy 146, 171-78
public interest 15 sexual orientation 345 telephone tapping 172 trade unions 144-45
Natural justice judicial review 275, 293 prisoners’ rights 274-77,
282, 283-84, 285-88, 295
Negligence damages 281 medical treatment 166 prisoners’ rights 281
Northern Ireland sexual
orientation 168-69, 347 Nuisance
freedom of assembly 112-13
harassment 181-82, 190-91
interception of communications 181, 190
privacy 181, 190 public 131
Obscene publications
actus reus 60 artistic expression 63 balancing of interests 58-67 common law 58, 63-64 contemporary
standards 62, 65 defence 62-66 deprave and corrupt 4, 5,
59-63, 66 European Convention
on Human Rights 65-67
forfeiture 64-65 freedom
of expression 2-9, 58-67 Human Rights
Act 1998 66 indecency 31-32, 63 jury directions 60 morality 4, 58-67 ‘obscene’, meaning of 31-32 pornography 59, 61-62,
65, 67 public good 62-63, 66 strict liability 60 United States 59
Obstruction 112, 128-31, 137 freedom
of assembly 112, 128-31, 137
Official secrets access, statutory
right of 77-78 administration
of justice 74-75 broadcasting 75 Canada 76, 79,
80, 88 censorship 78-79 codes of practice 787 confidentiality 28-29,
73-75, 83, 88-90, 96-105
contempt 74, 91 criminal offences 71, 76-77,
80-81, 83, 87, 89, 93, 96-97
DA Notices 75-76, 78-79 decriminalisation
of receivers 82-83, 85 defences 79
disclosure, preventing 70-79 European Convention
on Human Rights 29, 74-75, 89-90
European Court of Human Rights 74
freedom of expression 10-15, 74-75
harm test 71-72, 79-83, 87-88, 90
Human Rights Act 1998 29, 74, 90, 353
injunctions 17, 28-29, 73-74, 76, 89-91, 96-105
interception of communications 73
journalists 83 liberalisation 80-84 media 75-76, 84 mens rea 81, 83 ministerial
accountability 71 prejudice 74 public interest 17, 72-74,
84, 88-89, 94, 98-101, 104
public records 76 reform 87 sanctions
for disclosure 83 telephone tapping 73 United States 76, 84, 87 whistleblowing 72, 81-82
PACE Codes
of Practice 197-271
access to legal advice 204, 206-07, 211-12, 220-22, 227-28, 231-36, 264
admissions 199, 221, 228-29
arrest 198-200, 216, 248-58, 266-71
breaches 197-271 complaints 233, 244 confessions 198-207, 215,
223-30, 234-35, 244-45
damages 232, 243 detention 198-200 disciplinary
proceedings 233, 244 European Convention
on Human Rights 247-48 evidence 203, 245-46 Human Rights
Act 1998 237, 246-47, 270-71
mentally disordered persons 223-30
Notes for Guidance 227, 229, 246-47, 260, 268
police interviews 198-207 216-23, 227, 230-38, 258-66
police powers, safeguarding suspects and 239-48
powers of entry 177-78 reasonable suspicion 223,
240 safeguards 239-48 searches 209, 217, 222,
225-30, 240-41, 246-47 267, 270
seizure 209-10, 267, 270-71
stop and search 226, 239 tape recording 201, 203-04,
221, 223, 235-36, 241-42, 259, 262-63, 303-04
video identification 247 Part time
employment 340-41 Photographs 184-85,
193-94 Police
See, also, Arrest, Detention, PACE Codes of Practice, Police interviews
accountability 175 assault 210-12,
255, 268 complaints 233, 244 disciplinary
proceedings 233, 244 European Convention
on Human Rights 233 freedom
of assembly 107, 117-38 interception
of communications 177 obstruction 109-11,
128-31, 137
powers, of 197-271 entry 175-76
searches 164-65 strip 164-65
Police interviews 207 See, also, Access to
legal advice, Tape recording
admissibility of 200-01, 205, 218-19
admissions 206, 212-13, 219, 221, 223, 228-29
appropriate adult 227, 230 arrest 205-06,
217, 254 cautions 203, 218, 268 confessions 236-37,
258-59, 265 detention 241-42 duty solicitors 219-23 European Convention
on Human Rights 260-61, 265
fair trials 236 false imprisonment 247 Human Rights
Act 1998 265 informal 232 Judges’ Rules 259 mentally
disordered adults 227 miscarriages of justice
258-66 oppression 234, 238 PACE Codes
of Practice 198-207, 216-23, 227, 230-38, 258-66
police station, outside the 200-03, 204, 216-18
right to silence 202, 205, 212-13, 221, 228-29, 231, 260-61
safeguards 230-38, 258-66
tape recording 201, 203-04, 206, 223, 231, 259, 262-64
video recording 259 Political expression 6-7 Pornography 59, 61-62,
65, 67 Powers of entry
arrest 176-77, 240 limitations 176-77 PACE Codes
of Practice 176 police 176 privacy 175-77 security services 175-77
Prejudice contempt 20-26, 41-47,
52-57, 102 freedom
of expression 46 freedom
of information 78 official secrets 74 substantial risk
of serious 20-26, 41-47 test for 41-42
Press See, also, Media
balancing of interests 155-63
Calcutt Committee 158-61 codes of practice 157-58 criminal liability 161-62 European Convention
on Human Rights 156, 163
freedom of expression 155, 158, 162
freedom of information 163
freedom of the 155-63 harassment 157, 160-61 Human Rights
Act 1998 156 journalists 8, 16, 187 National Heritage
Select Committee 158, 160-61
Press Complaints Commission 157-58, 162
privacy 155-63 public interest 156, 159 self-regulation 156-57, 163 United States 159 Younger Committee 157,
158-59 Prior Report 297 Prisoners’ rights 273-301
access to courts 277-78, 290-96
access to legal advice 276, 287
allegations, statements of 288-89
appeals 300 assault 285
bias 290 Board of Visitors 275-77,
284-88, 297-300
censorship 295 code of standards 299-300 confidentiality 295 correspondence 278-79,
293-95 criminal charges 288-89 cruel and
inhuman punishment 278-79
damages 281 disciplinary
hearings 275-77, 281, 296-97, 299
European Convention on Human Rights 273-83, 290-96
evidence 276, 286, 299 fair hearings 275-76,
286-87, 290 fair trials 276-77, 282,
283-84, 289-90 false imprisonment 274 Governors 276-77, 282,
285-86, 287-99
hearsay evidence 286 Human Rights
Act 1998 279, 281, 291, 295
inhuman and degrading treatment 278-79
judicial review 275, 276, 293
legal professional privilege 278, 293
legal representation correspondence 293-94 right to 276, 278, 287, 293, 296-97, 299
misfeasance in public office 280
natural justice 274-77, 282, 283-84, 285-88, 295
negligence 281 Prior Report 297 Prisons Ombudsman
281-82 Prison Rules 274-77,
280, 282, 289-90, 295
Prison Tribunal 299 privacy 278-79,
290-96 private law remedies
280-81 procedural fairness 281, 297 procedural guarantees 292,
299 public law remedies 280-61 reform of
prisons in UK 296-301 remission, loss of 277, 298 Rule 43 281 segregation 279-80,
282-83 simultaneous
ventilation 293 solitary confinement 281 standards in 296-97,
299-300
UN Standard Minimum Rules 299-300
White Paper 298 witnesses,
right to call 283-88 Woolf Inquiry 281,
297-301 Prisons Ombudsman 281-82 Privacy 147-95
abortion 166 asylum seekers 321, 331 autonomy 165-66 balancing of interests 147 bodily 163-70 Bolam test 166 broadcasting 157-58 buggery 168 Canada 175 circumcision 166 confidentiality 16-17,
148-55, 158, 182-83, 191
corporal punishment 165 correspondence 278-79,
293-95 crime 168 criminal law 168 defamation 182-83, 188,
191-92 deportation 327 employment 195 European Convention
on Human Rights 173, 186, 188, 182, 196, 290-96, 321, 331-32, 364-65
European Court of Human Rights 188
family life, right to respect for 196
freedom of expression 2-9, 10, 16, 195
freedom of information 149-50
harassment 181-82, 190-91
homosexual acts 168-70 Human Rights
Act 1998 10, 147, 152, 179, 187-90, 355, 365-66
injunctions 17-18, 183-86 interception of
communications 85, 89-91, 96-105, 171-74, 180, 189, 195
journalists 16, 187 malicious falsehood 16-17,
183 medical treatment 166, 170 national security 146,
171-78 nuisance 181, 190 official secrets 175 photographs 184-86 police custody,
removal of clothing in 164-65
powers of entry 176 press regulation 155-63 prisoners’ rights 278-79,
290-96 private life, right to
respect for 179, 196, 331, 323, 366
property, intrusion onto 179-80, 181, 188, 190
protection of, adequacy of current law on 178-87
remedies 178-82 reputation 191-92 sado-masochism 169-70 searches 164, 175-77 security services 172-75,
177-78 seizure 175, 178 self-determination 166-67 sexual 163-64,
168-71 sexual orientation 168-71 strip searches 164-65 suicide 166 telephone tapping 171-72 trespass 181, 189-90 Younger
Committee 182, 192-93, 365-66
Privilege 278, 294 Property
enjoyment of, right to 366 Human Rights
Act 1998 366 intrusion into 179-80, 181,
188, 190 privacy 179-80, 181,
188, 190 Proportionality
deportation 304, 309 freedom
of assembly 116 freedom
of association 145
Human Rights Act 1998 358
injunctions 101 interception
of communications 172 Proscribed organisations 139-41 Public authorities
deportation 327-28 European Convention
on Human Rights 364-66 freedom
of information 78, 90 Human Rights
Act 1998 162, 364-66 Public interest
broadcasting 8 confidentiality 97-105,
152-54, 355 contempt 22, 31, 45,
53-55, 57 freedom
of assembly 117-25 freedom
of expression 8, 34 freedom
of information 94, 96 national security 15 obscene publications 62-63 official secrets 17, 72-74,
81-82, 88-89, 94, 98-104
press 156, 159 Public order 107, 117-25 Public records 76 Quasi-military
organisations 139-40 Racial discrimination 335-43
Racial hatred, incitement to 38-39
Reasonableness See, also, Wednesbury
unreasonableness arrest 200, 205-06,
209-10, 216-17, 226, 240, 249-53
drug offences 207, 225 freedom
of assembly 107, 120, 124, 127-28, 138
PACE Codes of Practice 223, 233-34
privacy 180 searches 207, 209, 222,
225, 267-68 use of force 211 wounding 216-17
Recruitment 339 Refugees
See Asylum seekers Religion
See, also, Blasphemy definition 37-38 discrimination 33 incitement
to racial hatred 39 Right to silence
access to legal advice 213, 221-22, 228-29, 237
adverse inferences 202, 205, 214, 221, 260-61
mentally disordered persons 228-29
police interviews 202, 205, 212-13, 221,
228-29, 231, 260-61
Sado-masochist acts 169-70 Scandalising the court
actus reus 49 administration of
justice, confidence in 48-49 bias 50-51 contempt 26-27, 47-51 European Convention
on Human Rights 49 freedom
of expression 26-27, 47-51
mens rea 48-49 particular proceedings,
effect on 48 public interest 48
Searches arrest 176, 200, 211,
216, 226, 267, 270
balancing of interests 175-76 conditions 267-68 consent 175-76,
200, 205, 207, 209, 217, 227-28
drugs 199-200, 205, 207, 225, 227-28
lawfulness of 199-200, 205, 212, 222, 225
mentally disordered persons 225
Notice of Powers and Rights 176, 246
PACE Codes of Practice 209, 217, 222,
225-30, 240-41, 246-47, 270
police 164-65, 175-76 privacy 164, 175-77 reasonable
suspicion 207, 209, 222, 225, 267-68
seizure 175, 210, 225 stop and search 199-200,
205, 207, 212, 217, 225-26, 239, 267
strip 164-65 vulnerable persons 246 warrants 175, 176, 241,
269-70 Security
See National security, Official secrets
Security services See, also, National
security, Official secrets
account of profits 13 accountability 174 Canada 175 confidentiality 13, 103 disclosure 12-13, 175 European Convention
on Human Rights 86 freedom of information 94-95 interception
of communications 174-76 powers of 174-76
entry 175-77 privacy 172-75,
177-89 Segregation 279-80,
282-83
Seizure arrest 211 damages 243 drugs 227-28 lawfulness 209-10,
214-15, 243 PACE Codes
of Practice 209-10, 270-71
privacy 175, 178 searches 175, 178,
209-10 trespass to goods 212
Self-determination medical treatment 166 privacy 166-67 sexual privacy 167
Sex discrimination 333-43, 348-49
Sexual offences buggery 168, 345-46 privacy 168
Sexual orientation age of consent 170, 345-47 armed forces 170 345 buggery 168, 345-46 criminal offences 170,
345-47 discrimination 170, 335-41 dismissal 344 EC law 347, 349 education 344 employment 343-49 entrapment 348 European Convention
on Human Rights 167-70, 344-47
homosexual acts 167-70, 345
Human Rights Act 1998 349
margin of appreciation 168 morality 170 national security 345 Northern Ireland 168-69, 347 privacy 168-71 procurement 346 promotion of 345 public acts 345 sado-masochistic acts
169-70 s 28 345 soliciting 348
Sexual privacy 170 Silence
See Right to silence Solitary confinement 281 Stalking 162, 191 Stop and search 199-200,
205, 207, 212, 217, 225-26, 239, 267
Strict liability blasphemy 35 contempt 20, 27, 48,
55, 60 Strip searches 159 Sub judice period 53-54 Suicide 166 Surveillance
See Interception of communications
Tape recording
admissions 206 confessions 218, 236 PACE Codes
of Practice 201, 203-04,
221, 223, 235-36, 2 4 1 –42, 259, 262-63, 303-04
police station, interviews outside 264
Telephone tapping national security 172 official secrets 73 political purposes, for 86 privacy 171-72
Television bias 17 Broadcasting
Standards Council 6 censorship 6-7 fines 17-18 freedom
of expression 3-7, 17-18 Independent
Broadcasting Authority 5
Independent Television Commission 5-7, 17
political expression 6-7 Terrorism
arrest 253-54, 268 asylum seekers 312 freedom
of association 139-41 freedom
of movement 303 Threats
freedom of assembly 114-17,
123-24, 135-36
threatening, abusive or insulting words
or behaviour 114-17, 123-24, 135-36
Time limits for detention 243
Torture 315-16, 320-21, 331
Trade secrets 184, 193 Trade unions
bans 144-45 closed shop 142 dismissal 142 European Convention
on Human Rights 141-42 freedom
of association 141-42 GCHQ 143-45 Human Rights
Act 1998 359 national security 144-45
Transsexuals 170 Trespass to goods 212 Trespass to land
airspace 190 freedom
of assembly 121, 134 powers of entry 190 privacy 181, 189-90 trespassory
assemblies 121-22, 129, 134
Uniforms 141 United States
autonomy 165 contempt 55-56 freedom
of information 79, 92
official secrets 76, 80, 84, 87
pornography 59 press 159
Use of force 211 Videos
identification 247 police interviews 259 recording 259
Violence fear of 116-17,
135-36 freedom
of assembly 116-17, 135-36
Wednesbury unreasonableness arrest 252 asylum seekers 313 deportation 323
Whistleblowing 72, 104 Williams
Committee 5, 9 Witnesses 276, 283-88 Woolf Inquiry 281, 297-301 Wounding 216-17 Younger Committee 149, 157,
158-59, 182, 192-93, 365-66
