ABSTRACT
The increasing racial, ethnic, cultural, language, and religious diversity in nation-states throughout the world raises new and complex questions about educating students for effective citizenship. Since World War II, nation-states throughout the Western world have become more diversi ed because of worldwide immigration. In European nations such as the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands, the demographic make-up has become more diverse because groups from their former colonies in Asia, Africa, and the West Indies immigrated to Europe to satisfy labor needs and to improve their economic status (Banks, 2004a; Banks & Lynch, 1986).
