The Relative Effects of Processing Instruction and Meaning-Based Output Instruction

As summarized in VanPatten (2002) and as we see from some of the research in this volume (e.g., VanPatten & Wong, Cheng), comparative research on PI and what VanPatten and Cadierno (1993) call traditional instruction (TI) has generally yielded overall superior effects for PI. PI consistently yields significant gains after treatment, while TI generally does not.