ABSTRACT
A mong the fallacies that may occur in the argumentation stage are(6) falsely treating a starting point as agreed on, or denying acommitment to something that was an agreed-on starting point (violation of starting point rule), (7) using an inappropriate argument scheme or using an argument scheme incorrectly (violation of argument scheme rule), and (8) using invalid reasoning (violation of validity rule). In the concluding stage of the discussion (9) unwarranted consequences may be attached to a successful defense or a failed defense (violation of closure rule). Finally (10), the resolution of a difference of opinion can be obstructed during any stage of the discussion by the use of unclear or ambiguous language (violation of usage rule).
