ABSTRACT
In many instances psychological tests are translated or adapted from one language to another so that international uses such as educational comparisons may be made (see, e.g., Grisay, 2003; Hambleton, 2002). In other cases, such adaptations come about because the construct validity of one instrument or one psychological characteristic is well known in a single language and culture and it is hoped that research may be conducted in another language and culture using either the same instrument, or at least one that is as similar as possible to the original device. As countries such as the United States become increasingly diverse, however, psychological instruments of proven worth in languages other than English are needed to a greater extent, even within the borders of the country (Geisinger, 1992).
