ABSTRACT
The past two decades have seen dramatic changes in vessel technology. The first tanker of 150,000 deadweight tons (DWT) was launched in 1966. The same year, the first fully cellular containership service started in international trade using converted World War II vessels. Now ultra-large crude carriers (ULCC) over 550,000 DWT exist. Huge containerships, roll-on/roll-off vessels, and barge-carrying vessels are now commonplace.
