sūra belongs to the Meccan period and has verses. Its title is drawn from the 1st verse : 52 verses. Its title is drawn from an oath in the 1st verse 'By the Pen'. The sūra begins by reassuring Muhammad that he is not mad and, after telling the story of the selfish owners of the garden, whose desire to gather its fruit is frustrated, the sura concludes with a reference to the story of Yūnus (q.v.). which refers to the Hour approaching and the moon splitting. This is interpreted either as a reference to the end of the world, or to an eclipse. A number of disbelieving peoples, like those of Nūh (\q.v.), 'Ād (q.v.) and Thamūd (q.v.), who ignored the warnings of God's messengers and in consequence were punished the Ka'ba (q.v.) in 317/930, only returning it some 22 years later in 339/951. (See al-Hajar al-Aswad; Ismā'īlīs.) al-Qari'a (Ar.) The title of the 101st sura of the Qur'ān; it means 'The Sudden Misfortune' and the reference here is to the time of the Last Judgement. The sura belongs to the Meccan

doi:10.4324/9780203986158-74

Chapter

sūra belongs to the Meccan period and has verses. Its title is drawn from the 1st verse

Chapter

52 verses. Its title is drawn from an oath in the 1st verse 'By the Pen'. The sūra begins by reassuring Muhammad that he is not mad and, after telling the story of the selfish owners of the garden, whose desire to gather its fruit is frustrated, the sura concludes with a reference to the story of Yūnus (q.v.). which refers to the Hour approaching and the moon splitting. This is interpreted either as a reference to the end of the world, or to an eclipse. A number of disbelieving peoples, like those of Nūh (\q.v.), 'Ād (q.v.) and Thamūd (q.v.), who ignored the warnings of God's messengers and in consequence were punished the Ka'ba (q.v.) in 317/930, only returning it some 22 years later in 339/951. (See al-Hajar al-Aswad; Ismā'īlīs.) al-Qari'a (Ar.) The title of the 101st sura of the Qur'ān; it means 'The Sudden Misfortune' and the reference here is to the time of the Last Judgement. The sura belongs to the Meccan

ABSTRACT

Qaynuqā' Major Jewish clan in Medina (q.v.), ultimately expelled by the Prophet Muhammad from that city. It is said that they went to Syria. (See al-Nadīr; Qurayza.)

Qayrawān Tunisian city, often transliterated into English as Kairouan, founded in 43/663-4 or 50/670 by 'Uqba b. Nāfi', the great Muslim conqueror of North Africa. The city became a great cultural centre under the Aghlabids (q.v.) and a focus for Mālikī jurisprudence. During the period of the Umayyads (q.v.), one of the earliest North African mosques was erected in Qayrawān. (See Hilāl, Banū; Mālikīs.) 204

al-Qayyūm

al-Qayyūm (Ar.) The Eternal, i.e. God. (See Āyat al-Kursī; Sūrat al-Baqara.)

Qibla (Ar.) Direction of prayer towards the Ka'ba (q.v.) in Mecca (q.v.). This is indicated in a mosque by the mihrāb (q.v.). Originally, the direction of prayer was towards Jerusalem (q.v.) but it was changed towards Mecca after the Hijra (q.v.). This change is recorded in the Qur'ān in Sūrat al-Baqara (q.v.) which notes that the original qibla towards Jerusalem was designed as a test for the faithful, and specifically urges them to turn towards 'the Sacred Mosque' (al-Masjid al-Hardām) in Mecca. At the time of revelation this phrase would have indicated simply the Ka'ba; al-Masjid al-Harām (q.v.) now means the whole Great Mosque of Mecca. (See Salāt.)

Qisās (Ar.) Retaliation. Pre-Islamic blood revenge (tha'r) was replaced by the concept of just retaliation in Islam, as Coulson observes (see back of this Dictionary for full bibliographical details). (See Diya; Murder and Manslaughter.)

al-Qiyāma (Ar.) The title of the 75th sura of the Qur'ān; it means 'The Resurrection'. The sura belongs to the Meccan period and has 40 verses. Its title is drawn from the 1st verse which contains an oath 'by the Day of Resurrection'. Some of the signs of this day are itemized. At the end man is reminded of God's power to raise the dead. (See Isharat al-Sā'a; Yawm al-Qiyāma.)

Qiyās (Ar.) Analogy, analogical reasoning. This was one of the four main sources of law for al-Shāfi'ī (q.v.). It has been described as a type of ijtihād (q.v.) and implies an extension or

Qubba

elaboration of the basic guidelines and principles which may be derived from the three other major sources of law enunciated by al-Shāfi'ī, namely, Qur'ān, Sunna (q.v.) and ijmā' (q.v.). (See Usūl al-Fiqh.)

Qubba (Ar.) [pl. qibāb or qubab] Dome, cupola. This is a major architectural feature in Islamic mosque and shrine building. It may often be beautifully decorated in golden coloured copper alloy sheeting, or, alternatively, coloured tiles. An excellent example of the first is to be seen on the Regents Park Mosque in London; examples of beautiful coloured tile domes are scattered throughout Iran. Interestingly, the Iraqi city of al-Basra (q.v.) bears the title 'The Dome of Islam' (Qubbat al-Islām). (See Art and Architecture, Islamic; Hilāl; Muqarnas; Qubbat al-$akhra.)

Qubbat al-Sakhra (Ar.) The Dome of the Rock. This is the principal Islamic shrine in Jerusalem (q.v.) built over the area of rock on the Temple Mount from which the Prophet Muhammad made his famous Mi'rāj (q.v.). The Dome of the Rock is frequently, but inaccurately, called 'The Mosque of 'Umar'. (See 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwān; al-Aqsā, al-Masjid; al-Burāq; Isrā'; Qubba.)

al-Quds See Jerusalem.