ABSTRACT
The word ‘integration’ has become very widely used to describe the desirable concept of freely exchanging information between different participants in the construction process, yet actual examples of integration are relatively limited and localized. Grand schemes for the flow of information between the stages of the construction process were a well-established topic of discussion over 20 years ago, when computers first caused the various participants, or ‘actors’, to study how the design process worked in order to utilize new technology. During the early days of computerization, many practical people took a deep interest in the impact of information technology, and everyone expected rapid results.
