ABSTRACT
The Biobehavioral analysis: The twentieth-century “popular conception” of race that “fused together both physical features and behavior . . . was and still is the original meaning of race that scholars in many fields turned their attention to in the latter part of the 20th century and the early 21st century” (Smedley & Smedley 2005, 19). Or, “According to contemporary European and American belief, racial groups are phenotypically distinct by definition. However . . . the expectation that races differ in less physical qualities (including customary forms of conduct, culture, morality, and psychology) is equally part of the meaning of the race concept” (Hirschfeld 1996, 53).1
