ABSTRACT
Europe faces a dilemma of presenting itself as the forte of humanism and democracy in the modern world, on the one hand, and, being a site of systematic discrimination and racism against the ‘Others’ (in Europe and elsewhere), on the other. European modernization is meshed with colonialism, slavery, genocide, and wars that have insulted and harmed the majority of human beings in the world. European colonial expansion was helped by ‘scientifi c racism’ in becoming a ‘fair’ and legitimised military action by which the modern world and its inequalities have been formed.
