ABSTRACT
The first chapter has established the complexity of the language of the Zionist movement, which mobilized orientalist rhetoric for the purposes of an emancipationist movement to free the Jews of Eastern Europe from oppression. The following chapter considers the continuation of this duality in the writing of two German-Jewish authors who criticized Zionism and attempted to create their own visions of Jewish-Arab relations in Palestine through their literature. Both Arnold Zweig (1887-1968) and Else Lasker-Schüler (18691945) are indebted to orientalist themes but also strive to disrupt Zionist and orientalist discourse by challenging the dominance of European masculinity. Both achieve this by employing border figures based on the stereotype of the Ostjude who symbolize the potential for cultural and/or political coalition between Jews and Arabs.
