ABSTRACT

Adams, John / Library of Congress Afghan Revolution (1978-1995) / UPI / Corbis-Bettmann American (U.S.) Revolution (1776-1789) / National Archives Anthony, Susan B. / Library of Congress Art and Representation / The Death of Marat, Corbis-

Bettmann; The Third of May, 1808, Francis G. Mayer / Corbis; Liberty Leading the People, Corbis-Bettmann; The Boston Massacre, Library of Congress; Guernica, (c) i 999 Estate of Pablo Picasso / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York (rights); Corbis-Bettmann (image)

Ataturk, Kemal / Library of Congress Bolivar, Simon / Library of Congress British “Glorious Revolution” (1688-1689) / Library of

Congress Burke, Edmund / Library of Congress Cambodian Khmer Rouge Revolution (1967-1979) / United

Nations Photo Castro, Fidel / National Archives Chiang Kai-shek / Library of Congress Chinese Communist Revolution (1921-1949) / National

Archives Chinese RepubHcan Revolution (1911) / Library of Congress Communism / Library of Congress Cromwell, Oliver / Library of Congress Dictatorship / Library of Congress East German Revolution and Unification (1989-1990) /

Courtesy German Information Center Eritrean Revolution (1962-1991) / United Nations Photo FrankHn, Benjamin / Library of Congress French Revolution (1789-1815) / Library of Congress Gandhi, Mahatma / Library of Congress German Nazi Revolution (1933-1945) / Library of Congress Gorbachev, Mikhail / United Nations Photo Grenada “New Jewel” Revolution (1979-1983) / NJM Photo Havel, Vaclav / Congressional Quarterly Hider, Adolf / Library of Congress

Hungarian Anticommunist Revolution (1989) / Courtesy Embassy of the Republic of Hungary

Indian Independence Movement (1885-1947) / Hulton-Deutsch Collection / Corbis

Irish Revolution (1916-1923) / Hulton-Deutsch Collection / Corbis

Italian Fascist Revolution (1919-1945) / National Archives Jefferson, Thomas / Library of Congress Jinnah, Mohammad Ali / Courtesy Embassy of Pakistan Kenyatta, Jomo / Library of Congress Kim II Sung / no credit Korean Civil War (1950-1953) / National Archives Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier de / Library of Congress Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich / Library of Congress Locke, John / Library of Congress L’Ouverture, Fran^ois-Dominique Toussaint / Library of

Congress Luxemburg, Rosa / Hoover Institution Archives Mandela, Nelson Rofihlahla / United Nations Photo Mao Zedong / National Archives Marat, Jean-Paul / Library of Congress Marti, Jose / Library of Congress Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels / both images Library of

Congress Mexican Revolution (1910-1940) / National Archives Mozambican Revolution (1974-1994) / United Nations Photo Mussofini, Benito / National Archives Nehru, Jawaharlal / Library of Congress Nicaraguan Revolution (1979) / no credit Nkrumah, Kwame / National Archives Nyerere, Julius Kambarage / Library of Congress Paine, Thomas / Library of Congress Phifippine Independence Wars (1872-1910) / National Archives PoHsh Protest Movements and SoHdarity Revolution (1956­

1991) / Courtesy Embassy of the Republic of Poland

Portuguese Revolution (1974) / Courtesy Embassy of Portugal Religion / Courtesy Embassy of the Republic of Poland Robespierre, Maximilien / Library of Congress Rousseau, Jean-Jacques / Library of Congress Russian Revolution of 1905 / WestStock Russian Revolution of 1917 / both images Library of Congress Rwandan Civil Wars (1959-1994) / United Nations Photo San Martin, Jose Francisco de / Library of Congress Sandino, Augusto Cesar / National Archives Stalin, Joseph / Library of Congress Sukarno / National Archives SunYat-sen / Library of Congress Tocqueville, Alexis de / Library of Congress

Trotsky, Leon / National Archives U.S. Civil Rights Movement (1954-1968) / Library of Congress U.S. Civil War (1861-1865) / Library of Congress U.S. Slave Revolts (1776-1865) / Library of Congress Walesa, Lech / Courtesy Embassy of the Republic of Poland Washington, George / Library of Congress William of Orange (King William III of England) / Library of

Congress Woman s Rights Movement / Library of Congress Yugoslav Communist Collapse and Dissolution (1987-1992) /

United Nations Photo Zapata, Emiliano / Hulton-Deutsch Collection / Corbis