ABSTRACT

In the Dictionary of Physics , central ideas and concepts are carefully introduced and explained. Each entry begins with a clear, one-sentence definition and is followed by an explanation and, where appropriate, by specific examples. The more important and more complex entries are supported by diagrams and by extra explanatory material. If relevant, the initial definition is followed by a word equation, a definition of the unit, and the symbols for the quantity and its unit. The aim of the Dictionary of Physics is to offer a focused account of the subject without leaving out any of the essential steps towards a new concept. Entries contain cross-references in italic to other entries; these further entries either support or extend the ideas of the original entry.

letter 1|16 pages

A

entry |1 pages

Absolute Temperature Scale

entry |1 pages

Absolute Thermodynamic Temperature Scale

entry |1 pages

Absolute Zero

entry |1 pages

Absorption Coefficient

entry |3 pages

Acceleration

entry |3 pages

Acceleration of Free Fall

entry |1 pages

Activity

entry |1 pages

Addition Of Vectors

entry |2 pages

Adiabatic Changes

entry |1 pages

Airplanes

entry |2 pages

Algebraic Sum

entry |1 pages

Alloys

entry |1 pages

Alpha Decay

entry |1 pages

Alpha Particle

entry |2 pages

Alpha Particle Scattering Experiment

entry |1 pages

Stage 1

entry |1 pages

Stage 2

entry |1 pages

Stage 3

entry |2 pages

Alpha Radiation

entry |1 pages

Alternating Current And Voltage

entry |1 pages

Ammeters

entry |1 pages

Amorphous Solids

entry |2 pages

Ampere

entry |1 pages

Amplitude

entry |1 pages

Aneroid Barometer

entry |1 pages

Angle

entry |2 pages

Angular Acceleration

entry |1 pages

Angular Displacement

entry |1 pages

Angular Frequency

entry |1 pages

Angular Momentum

entry |2 pages

Angular Speed

entry |1 pages

Angular Velocity

entry |2 pages

Annealing

entry |1 pages

Apparent Depth

entry |2 pages

Archimedes' Principle

entry |2 pages

Atmospheric Pressure

entry |1 pages

Atomic Number

entry |1 pages

Atomic Theory Of Matter

entry |2 pages

Attenuation

entry |1 pages

Avogadro Constant

letter 2|8 pages

B

entry |1 pages

B-Field

entry |1 pages

Back E.M.F

entry |1 pages

Background Radiation

entry |1 pages

Banking

entry |1 pages

Bar

entry |1 pages

Barometer

entry |1 pages

Base Quantity

entry |2 pages

Base Unit

entry |1 pages

Beams

entry |1 pages

Becquerel

entry |2 pages

Bernouilli's Principle

entry |2 pages

Beta Decay

entry |1 pages

Beta Particle

entry |2 pages

Beta Radiation

entry |1 pages

Binding Energy Per Nucleon

entry |1 pages

Biofuels

entry |1 pages

Black Body Radiation

entry |2 pages

Boltzmann Constant

entry |1 pages

Bourdon Gage

entry |2 pages

Boyle's Law

entry |1 pages

Breaking Stress

entry |1 pages

Brittleness

entry |2 pages

Brownian Motion

letter 3|25 pages

C

entry |1 pages

Calibration

entry |1 pages

Capacitance

entry |3 pages

Capacitance (Measurement Of)

entry |2 pages

Capacitive Reactance

entry |2 pages

Capacitor

entry |1 pages

Capacitor Limitations

entry |1 pages

Capacitor Size

entry |2 pages

Capacitors In Ac Circuits

entry |2 pages

Capacitors In Parallel

entry |2 pages

Capacitors In Series

entry |1 pages

Capillary Action

entry |1 pages

Capillary Rise

entry |1 pages

Celsius

entry |2 pages

Celsius Temperature Scale

entry |1 pages

Center Of Gravity

entry |1 pages

Center Of Mass

entry |1 pages

Centigrade Temperature Scale

entry |2 pages

Centrifugal Force

entry |3 pages

Centripetal Force

entry |1 pages

Chain Reaction

entry |1 pages

Charge Carrier

entry |1 pages

Charge-Time Graph

entry |2 pages

Charge-To-Mass Ratio

entry |2 pages

Charles's Law

entry |2 pages

Circular Motion

entry |1 pages

Cleaving

entry |2 pages

Coherence

entry |1 pages

Collision

entry |1 pages

Composite Materials

entry |1 pages

Compressibility

entry |1 pages

Compressive Stress

entry |2 pages

Conductors And Insulators

entry |2 pages

Conical Pendulum

entry |1 pages

Conservation Of Linear Momentum

entry |1 pages

Constant Pressure Changes

entry |1 pages

Constant Volume Changes

entry |2 pages

Constant Volume Gas Thermometer

entry |1 pages

Control Rods

entry |1 pages

Convection

entry |1 pages

Coolant

entry |1 pages

Cooling

entry |1 pages

Cooling By Evaporation

entry |2 pages

Cooling By Working

entry |1 pages

Coulomb

entry |2 pages

Coulombmeter

entry |1 pages

Coulomb's Law

entry |1 pages

Count Rate

entry |2 pages

Couple

entry |1 pages

Covalent Bond

entry |1 pages

Creep

entry |1 pages

Critical Angle

entry |1 pages

Critical Temperature

entry |2 pages

Cross-Linking

entry |1 pages

Crystal Defects

entry |1 pages

Crystalline Solids

entry |1 pages

Curie Temperature

entry |3 pages

Current-Time Graph

letter 4|16 pages

D

entry |1 pages

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

entry |2 pages

Damped Harmonic Motion

entry |1 pages

Decay Constant

entry |1 pages

Decay Rate

entry |1 pages

Definition

entry |1 pages

Density

entry |2 pages

Derived Quantity

entry |1 pages

Derived Unit

entry |2 pages

Destructive Interference

entry |1 pages

Diamagnetic

entry |1 pages

Diffraction

entry |3 pages

Diffraction At A Single Slit

entry |3 pages

Diffraction Grating

entry |2 pages

Diffusion

entry |1 pages

Diode

entry |1 pages

Dispersion Of Light

entry |2 pages

Dispersion Of Sound

entry |4 pages

Displacement-Time Graph

entry |2 pages

Distance-Time Graph

entry |1 pages

Distance Traveled

entry |2 pages

Distribution Of Speeds

entry |2 pages

Domain Theory

entry |1 pages

Drag

entry |1 pages

Drift Speed

entry |1 pages

Ductility

letter 5|27 pages

E

entry |1 pages

Eddy Currents

entry |1 pages

Efficiency (Heat Engine)

entry |2 pages

Efficiency (Machines)

entry |1 pages

Efficiency (Thermal Power Station)

entry |1 pages

Einstein's Photoelectric Equation

entry |1 pages

Elastic Collision

entry |1 pages

Elastic Limit

entry |1 pages

Elastic Strain Energy

entry |1 pages

Elasticity

entry |1 pages

Electric Charge

entry |2 pages

Electric Charge And Electric Current

entry |1 pages

Electric Circuit

entry |2 pages

Electric Field

entry |2 pages

Electric Field Strength

entry |1 pages

Electric Motor

entry |3 pages

Electric Potential

entry |1 pages

Electrical Circuit Calculations

entry |1 pages

Electrical Power

entry |3 pages

Electromagnetic Induction

entry |1 pages

Electromagnetic Induction (Laws Of)

entry |3 pages

Electromagnetic Spectrum

entry |1 pages

Electromagnetic Waves

entry |1 pages

Electromotive Force

entry |1 pages

Electron

entry |3 pages

Electron Beams

entry |1 pages

Electron Diffraction

entry |1 pages

Electronic Charge

entry |1 pages

Electrostatics

entry |1 pages

E.m.f.

entry |1 pages

Energetics Of Stretching

entry |2 pages

Energy

entry |1 pages

Energy Level

entry |1 pages

Energy-Separation Curve

entry |2 pages

Energy Sources

entry |3 pages

Energy Stored In A Capacitor

entry |1 pages

Energy Transfer

entry |1 pages

Enthalpy

entry |1 pages

Equation

entry |4 pages

Equations Of Motion

entry |1 pages

Equilibrant

entry |1 pages

Error

entry |2 pages

Escape Speed

entry |1 pages

Evaporation And Cooling

entry |1 pages

Excitation

entry |1 pages

Experiments

entry |2 pages

Exponential Change

entry |3 pages

Exponential Decay

entry |3 pages

Exponential Law Of Radioactive Decay

entry |1 pages

Extranuclear Electrons

letter 6|11 pages

F

entry |1 pages

Farad

entry |1 pages

Faraday's Law

entry |1 pages

Fatigue

entry |1 pages

Ferromagnetism

entry |1 pages

Ferrous Core

entry |1 pages

Fick's Law

entry |1 pages

Field

entry |2 pages

Field Lines (Electric)

entry |1 pages

Field Lines (Magnetic)

entry |1 pages

Filament Lamp

entry |1 pages

Finite Energy Sources

entry |1 pages

Fissile Materials

entry |1 pages

Fission

entry |1 pages

Fixed Point

entry |1 pages

Fleming's Left Hand Rule

entry |1 pages

Fleming's Right Hand Rule

entry |1 pages

Flexibility

entry |1 pages

Flotation (Law Of)

entry |1 pages

Fluid Matter

entry |1 pages

Flux Linkage

entry |1 pages

Force

entry |1 pages

Force: A Localized Vector

entry |2 pages

Force-Extension Curves

entry |2 pages

Force-Separation Curve

entry |1 pages

Force On Current

entry |1 pages

Force On Moving Charge

entry |2 pages

Forced Oscillations

entry |1 pages

Forces In Equilibrium

entry |1 pages

Fossil Fuels

entry |1 pages

Fracture

entry |1 pages

Free-Body Force Diagram

entry |1 pages

Free Fall

entry |2 pages

Frequency

entry |1 pages

Friction

entry |1 pages

Fuel Rods

entry |1 pages

Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

entry |2 pages

Fundamental Law Of Radioactive Decay

entry |1 pages

Fusion

letter 7|8 pages

G

entry |1 pages

Gage Pressure

entry |1 pages

Gamma Decay

entry |2 pages

Gamma Radiation

entry |1 pages

Gases

entry |1 pages

General Gas Equation

entry |2 pages

Generator

entry |1 pages

Geothermal Energy

entry |2 pages

Glass Fibers

entry |1 pages

Gradient

entry |1 pages

Graham's Law

entry |2 pages

Graph

entry |1 pages

Gravitation

entry |2 pages

Gravitational Constant G

entry |1 pages

Gravitational Field Strength

entry |2 pages

Gravitational Potential (Radial Fields)

entry |2 pages

Gravitational Potential (Uniform Fields)

letter 8|8 pages

H

entry |1 pages

Half-Life

entry |2 pages

Hall Effect

entry |1 pages

Hall Probe

entry |1 pages

Hardness

entry |1 pages

Heat

entry |1 pages

Heat Capacity

entry |2 pages

Heat Engine

entry |2 pages

Heat Pump

entry |1 pages

Heat Transfer

entry |1 pages

Heating

entry |1 pages

Heating And Working

entry |4 pages

Helical Spring

entry |1 pages

Henry (H)

entry |1 pages

High-Voltage Transmission

entry |2 pages

Homogeneity

entry |1 pages

Hooke's Law

entry |1 pages

Hydrogen Atom

entry |1 pages

Hysteresis

letter 9|9 pages

I

entry |1 pages

Ice Point

entry |2 pages

Ideal Gas Equation

entry |2 pages

Impulse

entry |1 pages

Induced E.M.F.

entry |1 pages

Inductance

entry |3 pages

Inductive Reactance

entry |1 pages

Inelastic Collision

entry |1 pages

Infrared Radiation

entry |1 pages

Insulators

entry |2 pages

Interference

entry |2 pages

Internal Resistance

entry |1 pages

International Practical Temperature Scale

entry |2 pages

Ionic Bond

entry |1 pages

Ionization

entry |1 pages

Ionizing Radiation

entry |1 pages

Ir

entry |2 pages

Isostasy

entry |1 pages

Isotope

letter 10|1 pages

J

entry |1 pages

Joule

letter 11|4 pages

K

entry |1 pages

Kelvin

entry |1 pages

Kepler's Laws

entry |1 pages

Kilowatt-Hour

entry |2 pages

Kinds Of Force

entry |1 pages

Kinetic Energy

entry |3 pages

Kinetic Theory Of Gases

entry |1 pages

Kirchhoff's First Law

entry |1 pages

Kirchhoff's Second Law

letter 12|3 pages

L

entry |1 pages

Laminar Flow

entry |1 pages

Length

entry |1 pages

Lenz's Law

entry |1 pages

Lift

entry |1 pages

Light As A Transverse Wave Motion

entry |1 pages

Light-Dependent Resistor (L.D.R.)

entry |1 pages

Light-Emitting Diodes (L.E.D.)

entry |1 pages

Light Rays

entry |1 pages

Limit Of Proportionality

entry |2 pages

Limiting Value

entry |1 pages

Linear Momentum

entry |1 pages

Lines Of Force

entry |1 pages

Lines Of Magnetic Force

entry |2 pages

Liquid Pressure (Laws Of)

entry |1 pages

Liquids

entry |1 pages

Localized Vector

entry |1 pages

Longitudinal Waves

entry |1 pages

Loudness

letter 13|12 pages

M

entry |1 pages

Machines

entry |1 pages

Magnet

entry |2 pages

Magnetic Effect Of Current

entry |1 pages

Magnetic Field Strength

entry |2 pages

Magnetic Flux

entry |1 pages

Magnetic Flux Density

entry |1 pages

Magnetic Flux Linkage

entry |1 pages

Malleability

entry |2 pages

Manometer

entry |1 pages

Mass

entry |1 pages

Mass-Energy Equivalence

entry |1 pages

Mass Excess

entry |1 pages

Mass Number

entry |1 pages

Mass On A String

entry |1 pages

Maxwell's Corkscrew Rule

entry |2 pages

Mean Power In Resistive Load

entry |2 pages

Mean Square Speed

entry |1 pages

Meniscus

entry |1 pages

Mercury Barometer

entry |2 pages

Mercury-In-Glass Thermometer

entry |1 pages

Metallic Bond

entry |2 pages

Metals

entry |1 pages

Meter

entry |1 pages

Microwaves

entry |2 pages

Millikan Oil Drop Experiment

entry |1 pages

Moderator

entry |2 pages

Molar Heat Capacities Of Gases

entry |1 pages

Molar Mass

entry |1 pages

Mole

entry |3 pages

Moment Of A Force

entry |1 pages

Moment Of Inertia

entry |1 pages

Motorboats

entry |1 pages

Motor Effect

entry |1 pages

Mutual Inductance

letter 14|7 pages

N

entry |1 pages

Neutral Point

entry |1 pages

Neutron

entry |1 pages

Neutron Number

entry |1 pages

Newton

entry |1 pages

Newton's Law Of Cooling

entry |2 pages

Newton's Law Of Gravitation

entry |2 pages

Newton's Laws Of Motion

entry |4 pages

Newton's Second Law Of Motion

entry |1 pages

Node

entry |1 pages

Nuclear Atom

entry |2 pages

Nuclear Reactions

entry |1 pages

Nuclear Reactor

entry |1 pages

Nuclear Transformation

entry |1 pages

Nucleon

entry |1 pages

Nucleus

entry |1 pages

Nuclide

entry |1 pages

N-Z Curve For Stable Nuclei

letter 15|2 pages

O

entry |1 pages

Object Position

entry |1 pages

Ohm

entry |1 pages

Ohmic Conductors

entry |1 pages

Ohm's Law

entry |2 pages

Oil Film Experiment

entry |1 pages

Optical Fiber

entry |1 pages

Ordered And Disordered Energy

letter 16|18 pages

P

entry |1 pages

Parallax Error

entry |1 pages

Parallelogram Law

entry |3 pages

Parallel Plate Capacitor

entry |1 pages

Paramagnetic Substances

entry |1 pages

Path Difference

entry |1 pages

Penetrating Power

entry |2 pages

Period

entry |1 pages

Permittivity Of Free Space

entry |1 pages

Phase

entry |1 pages

Phase Difference

entry |4 pages

Photoelectric Effect

entry |1 pages

Photovoltaic Cells

entry |1 pages

Physical Quantity

entry |1 pages

Pitch

entry |2 pages

Plane Mirrors

entry |1 pages

Plastic Deformation

entry |1 pages

Plasticity

entry |1 pages

Poisseuille's Equation

entry |2 pages

Polarization By Reflection

entry |2 pages

Polarization Phenomena

entry |1 pages

Polaroid

entry |2 pages

Polycrystalline Solids

entry |1 pages

Position

entry |1 pages

Positron

entry |1 pages

Potential (Electric)

entry |1 pages

Potential (Gravitational)

entry |2 pages

Potential Difference (Electrical)

entry |1 pages

Potential Divider

entry |2 pages

Potential Energy

entry |1 pages

Power

entry |2 pages

Precision

entry |1 pages

Prefixes Used With Si Units

entry |1 pages

Pressure

entry |1 pages

Pressure Gage

entry |2 pages

Pressure In Bubbles

entry |2 pages

Pressure Law (1802)

entry |1 pages

Primary Fuels

entry |1 pages

Principle Of Moments

entry |1 pages

Principle Of Superposition

entry |1 pages

Progressive And Stationary Waves

entry |1 pages

Progressive Waves

entry |2 pages

Projectiles

entry |1 pages

Proton

entry |1 pages

Proton Number, Z

entry |2 pages

Pseudovector Quantities

letter 17|1 pages

Q

entry |1 pages

Quantity Algebra

entry |1 pages

Quantization Of Charge

entry |1 pages

Quenching

letter 18|17 pages

R

entry |1 pages

Radial Electric Field

entry |2 pages

Radial Magnetic Field

entry |1 pages

Radiation

entry |1 pages

Radiation Loss

entry |1 pages

Radio Waves

entry |1 pages

Radioactive Decay

entry |1 pages

Random Error

entry |1 pages

Random Motion

entry |2 pages

Randomness And Radioactive Decay

entry |1 pages

Rate Of Change

entry |1 pages

Rate Of Cooling

entry |1 pages

Ray Diagram

entry |1 pages

Ray Optics

entry |1 pages

Reactance

entry |3 pages

Rectification, Half-Wave And Full-Wave

entry |1 pages

Reflection Of Light

entry |1 pages

Refraction (Laws Of)

entry |2 pages

Refraction Of Light

entry |2 pages

Refractive Index

entry |1 pages

Refrigerator

entry |2 pages

Reinforced Concrete

entry |1 pages

Relative Molar Mass

entry |1 pages

Relative Permeability

entry |1 pages

Relative Permittivity

entry |1 pages

Renewable Energy Sources

entry |1 pages

Resilience

entry |2 pages

Resistance

entry |1 pages

Resistance Thermometer

entry |4 pages

Resistivity

entry |1 pages

Resolution Of Vectors

entry |2 pages

Resonance

entry |2 pages

Resonance In Ac Circuits

entry |1 pages

Resonance With Sound Waves

entry |1 pages

Resultant

entry |2 pages

Reynold's Number

entry |1 pages

Rigid Bodies

entry |1 pages

Rigidity

entry |1 pages

Ring

entry |2 pages

Ripple Tank

entry |1 pages

r.m.s. (Root Mean Square)

entry |2 pages

Rolling

entry |1 pages

Root Mean Square Speed

entry |1 pages

Rotational Energy

entry |1 pages

Rotational Motion

entry |1 pages

Rubber

letter 19|28 pages

S

entry |1 pages

Sailboats

entry |2 pages

Satellite

entry |1 pages

Scalar Quantity

entry |1 pages

Second

entry |1 pages

Secondary Fuels

entry |2 pages

Self-Inductance

entry |2 pages

Semiconductor

entry |2 pages

Semiconductor Diodes

entry |2 pages

Series Resistance And Capacitance

entry |2 pages

Series Resistance And Inductance

entry |1 pages

S.h.m.

entry |1 pages

Si

entry |3 pages

Simple Harmonic Motion

entry |2 pages

Simple Pendulum

entry |1 pages

Sizes Of Atoms

entry |1 pages

Slip

entry |1 pages

Smoothing Capacitor

entry |1 pages

Snell's Law

entry |2 pages

Solar Constant

entry |1 pages

Solar Power

entry |2 pages

Solenoid

entry |1 pages

Solids

entry |1 pages

Sound

entry |2 pages

Sound Waves

entry |3 pages

Specific Heat Capacity

entry |2 pages

Specific Heat Capacity (Measurement Of)

entry |1 pages

Specific Latent Heat

entry |3 pages

Speed

entry |2 pages

Speed Measurement

entry |1 pages

Speed Of Light

entry |2 pages

Speed Of Sound

entry |1 pages

Speed-Time Graph

entry |1 pages

Standard Pressure

entry |2 pages

Standard Temperature And Pressure (S.T.P.)

entry |1 pages

States Of Matter

entry |2 pages

Stationary Waves

entry |1 pages

Steady State

entry |2 pages

Steam Point

entry |1 pages

Stiffness

entry |1 pages

Stokes's Law

entry |1 pages

Straight Line Motion

entry |2 pages

Straight Wire

entry |1 pages

Strain

entry |1 pages

Streamline Flow

entry |1 pages

Strength

entry |1 pages

Stress

entry |3 pages

Stress–Strain Curves

entry |2 pages

Subtraction Of Vectors

entry |1 pages

Superconductors

entry |1 pages

Superposition

entry |2 pages

Surface Tension

entry |1 pages

Symbol

entry |1 pages

Systematic Error

letter 20|15 pages

T

entry |1 pages

Temperature

entry |1 pages

Temperature Coefficient Of Resistance

entry |1 pages

Temperature Gradient

entry |1 pages

Tempering

entry |2 pages

Terminal Speed

entry |1 pages

Tesla

entry |2 pages

Thermal Conduction

entry |1 pages

Thermal Conductivity

entry |2 pages

Thermal Energy

entry |1 pages

Thermal Equilibrium

entry |2 pages

Thermal Fission Reactor (Nuclear Reactor)

entry |1 pages

Thermal Power

entry |1 pages

Thermal Power Station

entry |2 pages

Thermionic Emission

entry |1 pages

Thermistors

entry |2 pages

Thermocouple

entry |1 pages

Thermodynamics (First Law Of)

entry |2 pages

Thermoplastic Polymers

entry |1 pages

Threshold Frequency

entry |1 pages

Thrust

entry |1 pages

Time

entry |1 pages

Time Constant

entry |1 pages

Time Interval

entry |2 pages

Torque

entry |2 pages

Total Internal Reflection

entry |2 pages

Total Radiation Curve

entry |1 pages

Toughness

entry |1 pages

Tracer Elements

entry |2 pages

Transformer

entry |1 pages

Translational Motion

entry |1 pages

Transverse Waves

entry |2 pages

Triangle Of Forces

entry |1 pages

Turbulent Flow

entry |1 pages

Turning

entry |1 pages

Two-Dimensional Motion

entry |3 pages

Two-Slits Experiment

letter 21|3 pages

U

entry |1 pages

Ultimate Tensile Stress

entry |1 pages

Ultraviolet Light

entry |1 pages

Uncertainty

entry |1 pages

Unified Atomic Mass Constant

entry |2 pages

Uniform Electric Field

entry |1 pages

Unit

entry |1 pages

Upthrust

entry |2 pages

U Value

entry |1 pages

Uv

letter 22|5 pages

V

entry |1 pages

Van Der Waals' Bond

entry |1 pages

Vector Quantity

entry |2 pages

Velocity

entry |2 pages

Velocity-Time Graph

entry |1 pages

Viscoelasticity

entry |2 pages

Viscosity

entry |2 pages

Visible Spectrum

entry |1 pages

Voltage-Current Characteristics

entry |1 pages

Voltmeters

entry |1 pages

Vulcanized Rubber

letter 23|6 pages

W

entry |1 pages

Water Waves

entry |1 pages

Watt

entry |1 pages

Wave Behavior

entry |1 pages

Wavefront

entry |1 pages

Wavelength

entry |2 pages

Wave Nature Of Light

entry |1 pages

Wave-Particle Duality

entry |1 pages

Wave Speed

entry |2 pages

Waves In Pipes

entry |1 pages

Waves On Strings

entry |1 pages

Weight

entry |1 pages

Weightlessness

entry |2 pages

Wien's Law

entry |1 pages

Word Equation

entry |3 pages

Work

entry |1 pages

Work Done In Compression

entry |1 pages

Work Function Energy

entry |1 pages

Work Hardening

letter 24|3 pages

X

entry |3 pages

X-Rays

letter 25|1 pages

Y

entry |1 pages

Yield Point

entry |1 pages

Young's Modulus

entry |1 pages

Young's Two-Slits Experiment

letter 26|1 pages

Z

entry |1 pages

Zero Error

entry |1 pages

Zeroth Law Of Thermodynamics