ABSTRACT
Even where managers decide on their own what needs doing, they must still convey this to their staff and enlist their cooperation in doing it. Unfortunately some managers are not aware that either may cause a problem. Their attitude to implementation may be summed up as 'one gives one's subordinates an order and they carry it out'. Many difficulties come from a failure to recognize the importance of clear communication and willing cooperation. Any manager has to be concerned with both, although the forms of communication and the methods of obtaining cooperation may vary to some extent, depending upon the characteristics of both the manager and the managed. A foreman on a construction site talking to a labourer, for instance, will use a different language and a somewhat different approach from that of the managing director of a chemical firm talking to scientific colleagues.
