ABSTRACT
Management used to be an easier, more intuitive job than it is today. The vast majority of firms had simple organizations with few managers. Of course, there was specialization, but the division between jobs was often fluid, and the jobs were tailor-made to the individuals available. The sales manager might advise on office management and the works manager might help with the accounts. Relations within management were often informal, so that the foreman could go direct to the managing director with a problem. Rules were few. Decisions were made by hunch based on experience.
