ABSTRACT
Exports controls on goods and technology with both civilian and military applications (dual-use items) are a key instrument to prevent or reduce the proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and their delivery systems, as well as conventional weapons. Even within the weapons of mass destruction (WMD) dual-use spectrum, there are differences between those who produce, trade with, and use the items; research communities and regulatory authorities; and national and international legal frameworks. This chapter focuses on nuclear aspects and its specificities, but will also explore the broader export control context and relevant connections to other WMD areas.
