ABSTRACT
Earlier articles have shown that the accepted idea of the university in some countries precludes the concept of ‘training’ as that is understood in English-speaking countries. Furthermore, in systems where some training is accepted as part of higher education's responsibilities, that function may be hived off into non-university institutions. These may be given names indicating inferior status (e.g. ‘further’ as distinct from ‘higher’ education). Alternatively, the more practical and training sectors may be lower in the intellectual and career hierarchy than the more academic sectors. In some traditions of higher education the only careers systematically trained for have been those of medicine and law; and even here the amount of practical training and expertise may be nugatory by ‘Anglo-Saxon’ standards.
