ABSTRACT
Tianchao qimin (dissenters abandoned by the Heavenly Kingdom) and were forbidden to return to China. Such policies were inherited by the Manchu regime. The attitude toward Fanhe was reaffirmed in 1806 when a Qing law was passed prohibiting, in principle, any Chinese person from moving. However, after the forced opening of China in 1841, the Qing Government gradually recognized that global market forces were encroaching upon China.
