ABSTRACT
At the moment when a horizon of larger ideas opened out, we are shown the increasing power of countries situated on the borders of the ancient Chinese Confederation. These countries received Barbarian influences and spread them in China. The most celebrated persons in this new period are two princes who lived at the very beginning of this epoch of barbarism. One is Ho-lu (514-496 B.C.), King of Wu (Wu-Ngan-huai is in theory a county), and the other Kou Chien (496-465 B.C.), King of Yue (Che-kiang). Both reigned over tattooed people with short hair. Sometimes they are classed as Leaders. They share with the classical Leaders the glory of having wise ministers. But their ministers are not vassals attached to their overlordship, neither are they, as their contemporary, Confucius, desired to be, counsellors permeated with traditional wisdom.
